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LS7C > Midterm I > Flashcards

Midterm I Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine signaling

A

Long distances through the bloodstream

eg adrenaline, estrogen

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2
Q

Paracrine signaling

A

short distances through diffusion

eg growth factors

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3
Q

Autocrine signaling

A

signaling and responding within the same cell

eg developmental decisions, cell division

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4
Q

Endoderm

(as part of the Blastocyst –> Gastrula)

A

cells lining inside of digestive tract and lungs

liver and pancreas cells

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5
Q

Ectoderm

(as part of the Blastocyst –> Gastrula)

A

cells in outer layer of skin

pigment cells

nerve cells in the brain

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6
Q

Mesoderm

(as part of the Blastocyst –> Gastrula)

A

cells in inner layer of skin

muscle, bone and red blood cells

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7
Q

Totipotent

A

can give rise to a complete organism

eg the fertilised egg

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8
Q

Pluripotent

A

can give rise to any of the 3 germ layers and therefore any cell of the body –> can’t on their own give rise to an entire organism

eg inner cell mass

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9
Q

Multipotent

A

can form a limited number of types of specialised cells

eg cells of germ layers

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10
Q

Epidermis

A

outer layer of skin, serves as water-resistant protective barrier

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11
Q

Dermis

A

supports the epidermis, also has cushioning effect

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12
Q

Epithelial cells

A

cells arranged in one or more layers

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13
Q

Basal Lamina

A

a specialised form of extracellular matrix found beneath all epithelial tissues

eg connects dermis to epidermis

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14
Q

Microtubule

A

helps maintain cell shape and internal structure

radiates out from centrosome

functions as tracks –> kinesin transports cargo toward + end ; dynein transports load to - end

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15
Q

Microfilaments

A

reinforces plasma membrane

associate with myosin to transport cargo

eg vesicles

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16
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

attached to cell junctions at cytoplasmic side –> anchoring results in structural continuity

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17
Q

Cadherins

A

calcium-dependent adherance proteins

only bind to others of the same type

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18
Q

Integrins

A

cell adhesion molecules that enable cells to adhere to extracellular matrix

also acts as receptors

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19
Q

Tight Junction

A

prevents the movement of substances through the space between cells

made up of: tight junction proteins

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20
Q

Adherens Junctions

A

cell - cell adhesion/anchoring

made up of: microfilaments, cadherin proteins

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21
Q

Desmosome

A

cell - cell adhesion/anchoring

made up of: intermediate filaments, cadherin proteins

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22
Q

Hemidesmosome

A

cell - extracellular matrix adhesion/anchoring

made up of: intermediate filaments, integrin

connects to basal lamina

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23
Q

Gap Junction

A

allows materials to pass directly from one cytoplasm to the next

made up of: channels (connexins)

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24
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

receiv and transmit info about the environment/internal physiological state

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25
Q

Interneurons

A

process the info from sensory neurons and transmit it to different body regions, communicates with motor neurons

26
Q

Motor Neurons

A

produces suitable responses to the info from interneurons

27
Q

Ganglia

A

grous of nerve cell bodies that process sensor info received from a nearby region, resulting in a signal to motor neurons

28
Q

Depolorisation

A

increase in membrane potential

(like before an action potential is fired)

29
Q

Hyperpolarisation

A

further decrease in membrane potential

30
Q

EPSP

(Excitatoy Postynaptic Potential)

A

positive change in membrane potential

31
Q

IPSP

(Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential)

A

negative change in membrane potential

32
Q

Temporal Summation

(of EPSPs and IPSPs)

A

the frequency of synaptic stimuli determines whether the postsynaptic cell fires an action potential

33
Q

Spacial Summation

(of EPSPs and IPSPs)

A

the number of synaptic stimuli received from different regions of the dendrites

34
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

( + type of neuron)

A

sensory and motor nerves

afferent neurons

35
Q

Central Nervous System

A

brain and main nerve cord

efferent neurons

36
Q

Somatic system

A

Voluntary/ conscious reactions

eg sensing and responding to external stimuli

37
Q

Autonomic System

A

Involuntary/ unconscious reactions

eg homeostasis

38
Q

Sympathetic division

A

part of the autonomic system

results in arousal and increased activity

“fight or flight”

39
Q

Parasympathetic division

A

part of the autonomic system

“rest and digest”

40
Q

Cerebellum

A

coordinates complex motor tasks (uses motor and sensory info)

41
Q

Brainstem

A

initiates and regulates motor functions, breathng, swallowing

low levels of activity enable sleep

42
Q

Thalamus

A

central relay station for sensory info sent to higher brain centers of the crebrum

43
Q

Hypothalamus

A

h o m e o s t a s i s

interacts closely with autonomic and endocrine systems to regulate the general physiological stat of the body

44
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

sensory perception, memory, learning

45
Q

Limbic system

A

controls physiological drives, instincts, emotions, motivation and sense of reward

46
Q

Hippocampus

A

long-term memory formation

47
Q

Frontal lobe

A

decision making, planning

48
Q

Temporal lobe

A

processes sound

includes auditory cortex

49
Q

Parietal lobe

A

body awareness and the ability to perform complex tasks

includes primary somatosensory cortex

50
Q

Occipital lobe

A

processes visual info

includes visual cortex

51
Q

Neurosecretory cells

A

neurons that release hormones which act on endocrine glands or other targets

52
Q

Peptide and amide hormones

A

hydrophilic –> bind to membrane receptors on cell surface

more abundant than steroids

53
Q

Steroid hormones

A

Hydrophobic –> diffuse freely across cell membrane to bind with receptors

derived from cholesterol

54
Q

Anterior pituitary gland

A

forms from epithelial cells

hypothalamus secretes releasing factors into the bloodstream that cause these cells to release hormones

55
Q

Posterior pituitary gland

A

develops from neural tissue

neurosecretory cells extend their axons all the way here, where they releae their hormones into the bloodstream

56
Q

Parathyroid gland

A

secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH)

works with calcitonin to regulate levels of calcium in the blood

57
Q

Pineal gland

A

responds to darkness, secretes melatonin

58
Q

Cone cells

A

contains ospins, sensitive to different wavelengths of light

enables color and sharp vision

59
Q

Rod cells

A

contains rhodopsin, most sensitive to blue-green light

enables vision in low light

60
Q

Photoreceptors in the dark

A

continuously releases glutamate (neurotransmitter)

61
Q

Photoreceptors in the light

A

when retinal changes from cis –> trans

Na+ channels close

cell membranes become hyperpolarised

releases less glutamate

LS7C (1 decks)

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