MIDTERM HBSE 2 Flashcards
The life course is defined as
age-differentiated life patterns embedded in social institutions that are subject to historical changes
the life course approach focuses on what?
understanding changes in patterns of life, rather than on understanding changes in personality, traits, or behavior
Life span perspective
Lifespan can be defined as the period that extends from conception to death. Thus, lifespan development is a process that begins at conception and continuous to death.
Transition
Short term changes that are marked by life’s events.
Trajectory
The life-course perspective uses the concept of trajectory to understand the environmental paths
or the social paths followed by people in key social
Domains of life: work, marriage, crime, and parenthood transitions.
A trajectory is defined
by as “the stable component of a direction toward a life destination. Characterized by a given probability of occurrence.”
Trajectory refers
in this context to a specific path or line of development followed by a person to a specific life outcome, regardless of whether the outcome is positive or negative.
Cumulative continuity
“Cumulative continuity refers to the way in which behavior at one
point in life influences opportunities and behavior later in life”
Social Hypotheses
The social worker’s assessment extends beyond the biological and psychological dimensions to include
the social dimension. Social factors include the family, community, and other social support systems;
access to resources; and the impinging social environment. What are the client’s social relationships? And what is the environmental context of the client’s social relationships? For example, does the client live in poverty? Does the client face racism on a daily basis? The social worker must assess how the
client is viewed by society, by the social systems he
or she interacts with, and by the individuals directly
involved with the client on a daily basis, such as
friends and family.A client’s problem may be related to or a direct result of the following sociological or environmental
determinants.
Biophysical Strengths
High energy levels, good sleep patterns, and overall physical vitality can be important elements to capitalize on in designing effective interventions.
Good genetic history is an important asset for a variety of developmental and health outcomes. Good
physical appearance, history free from physical disabilities, and other physical characteristics are also important resources.
Biophysical Risk Factors
Assessment considerations include family history of heart disease; respiratory problems; cancer; diabetes; health status of close relatives; causes of death of close relatives and their age at death; client’s current
and past health status; and presence of symptoms related to a major illness.
Biophysical Hazards and
Other physical hazards include exposure to toxins in a person’s environment that can influence prenatal and post-natal development. In addition,
it is important to identify whether others in the person’s physical habitat have had prevalence rates of particular types of physical abnormalities that are
higher than in other locales, as well as exposure to distinct types of substances in a person’s physical
environment that may perpetuate specific types of
health or other problems.
The biophysical dimension
of the multidimensional
framework consists of the biochemical systems, cell systems, organ systems, and physiological systems
The psychological dimension
represents the systems that contribute to the organization or integration of the individual’s mental processes. This dimension involves several functions designed to help the
person satisfy his or her needs. These psychological functions involve the systems of information processing and cognitive development; communication;
attitudes and regulation of emotions; self-concept
and identity; social cognition and self-regulation; and psychological strengths, hazards, and risk factors.
The social dimension refers to
the systems of social relationships that a person interacts with individually or in a group
Spirituality is the domain
of human existence that
pertains to the essence of every human being and to awareness of something greater than ourselves. Our relationship to the divine, however we define it, enables us to make sense of our lives and provides us with a sense of stability, guidance, purpose, power, and direction
Mitosis
The cellular process in which a body cell reproduces itself by dividing and producing two new daughter cells.
Meiosis
The process of cell division that creates the sex cells.
Sociobiology
the scientific study of the biological (especially ecological and evolutionary) aspects of social behavior in animals and humans.
Altruism-
Helpful behaviors that arise out of concern for the welfare of
others, without regard for personal gain.
Social Darwinism
Wilson’s sociobiology was initially seen as a new form of social Darwinism. Social Darwinism refers to the social-theoretical movement that ascribed the
domination of one group over another to the selection by nature of the fittest group, a process commonly referred to as “survival of the fittest.”
Chromosome disorder
Abnormalities or defects caused by errors in an entire chromosome or part of a chromosome.
Nurture>shared and non-shared environments pg 64
According to recent research, for many characteristics there is a one-third to one-half contribution from genetics. This means, however, that most
differences in human behavior are a result of the environment.
Neurons develop
very rapidly before we are born; 250,000 neurons are added each minute during
many phases of prenatal development. When a child is born, it has a full complement of neurons. Nature provides us with perhaps twice as many neurons as
we need
Neurotransmitters
Chemicals that are synthesized inside the neuron.
Glia
The supporting cells that make up the bulk of the brain.
Synaptic cleft
The space between any two neurons or between a neuron
and another cell.
major growth spurts in neuronal development -
first
of which occurs during the last trimester of
the prenatal phase of development. If the fetus has inadequate intake of protein and calories during this ast trimester, the number of brain cells can be reduced by as much as 40% provides an illustration of five stages of brain development that indicates how much growth occurs during the final trimester, in comparison with the other two trimesters.
major growth spurts in neuronal development -
second
major growth spurt occurs in the first year of an infant’s development. In fact, about half of the brain’s entire postnatal growth is achieved by the end of the first year. By as early as six months,
the infant’s brain has reached half of its final mature weight. Most of the growth during this spurt is caused by the formation of synapses and the myelination of axons. The human brain weighs about 350 to 400 grams at birth. At the completion of the first year of postnatal life, the brain weighs about 1,000 grams, which is very close to the adult brain weight of approximately 1,200 to 1,400 grams
major growth spurts in neuronal development -
final
The final brain spurt in brain growth, which occurs just prior to puberty, involves increased growth of gray matter in the frontal-lobe areas of the brain (Gray matter refers to the areas of the nervous system with a high density of
cell bodies and dendrites, but few myelinated axons.)
Following this spurt, the brain begins purging itself of unused neurons and myelinating the neurons that are used most often. As in the growth spurts, experience plays a central role in how the brain is wired. Given the data on brain maturation in adolescence, foes of the death penalty challenged the legitimacy of executing juveniles because of their lack of brain
maturity
parts of brain (lobes, etc.) and general functions
The brain’s cerebral cortex (its convoluted outer layer)
is divided into two hemispheres, and each of these hemispheres is divided into four lobes. These four lobes were named after bones in the human skull: frontal,
parietal, occipital, and temporal
Our nervous system is divided
Our nervous system is divided into the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. The peripheral nervous system also has two divisions: the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous
system. The somatic nervous system controls our skeletal muscles, or striated muscles. This system allows us to move skeletal structures in a voluntary fashion.
The autonomic nervous system
involves the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous systems The autonomic nervous system controls
glands, internal organs, smooth muscles, the stomach, and intestines. This system plays a significant role in the human stress response. It also contributes
to many of the symptoms and signs observed in people with anxiety disorders. Under stress, the sympathetic nervous system prepares the body to participate in the fight-or-flight response. This system speeds
up the heart rate, increases the blood supply to the
organs and skeletal muscles, and prepares the body to respond to a perceived threat
Psychological dimension
The systems that contribute to the organization
and direction of an individual’s mental processes.
a psychodynamic theory
is a view that explains personality in terms of conscious and unconscious forces, such as unconscious desires and beliefs. In the early 20th century, Sigmund Freud proposed a psychodynamic theory according to which personality consists of the id (responsible for instincts and pleasure-seeking), the superego (which attempts to obey the rules of parents and society), and the ego (which mediates between them according to the demands of reality). Psychodynamic theories commonly hold that childhood experiences shape personality.
psychosocial development,
as articulated by Erik Erikson, is a psychoanalytic theory which identifies eight stages through which a healthily developing human should pass from infancy to late adulthood. In each stage, the person confronts, and hopefully masters, new challenges. Each stage builds upon the successful completion of earlier stages. The challenges of stages not successfully completed may be expected to reappear as problems in the future.
Watson learning theory
believed that development depends on learning: given the proper experiences, learning will proceed.
Bandura learning theory
it attempts to understand people as conscious, thinking beings who can have an influence on their environment.
Unlike Skinner, who believed learning is passive,
Bandura believes that people can process information to actively influence how the environment
controls them.
Piaget’s view of cognitive development
People use cognitive structures— schemata (singular schema)—in the process of adapting to and organizing their world. A schema is
a unit of information that an individual possesses; adaptation deals with the individual’s relation to the external world and the ability to change or adapt to that world. The process of adaptation involves the twin processes of assimilation and accommodation. According to Piaget, what we perceive in the external
world does not always fit our internal schemata, or
what we know. So we can assimilate new information into our existing schemata or thought structures and thereby change what we perceive (assimilation). Or we can accommodate our thought patterns to
what we perceive—in other words, change what we think (accommodation).
Information-processing perspective
that examines the uptake, selection, coding, and storage of information.
Stages of labor
first stage, the cervix opens up,the second stage of labor begins. During this stage, the baby is born.third stage of labor, the placenta is delivered,
Neonatal intensive care
With the advanced technology now available in high-level neonatal intensive care units (NICU), babies born at twenty-four weeks have a chance for survival
Teratogens
Substances that cause birth defects are known as teratogens. Can be legal and illegal drug use.
Reflexes of infants
Babies at birth are equipped with many reflexes and survival skills.
When placed face down, they will turn
their head to the side or will turn away from something obstructing their breathing.
If you touch the side of a baby’s face, the baby will turn toward the touch and open its mouth, displaying the rooting reflex.
babiesWhen stroked on the bottom of the foot,
babies exhibit the Babinski
reflex, fanning out their toes. The tonic neck reflex, or fencing reflex, occurs in the following way
Social cognition and regulation
Infants interact with their environment and begin
learning from birth, and perhaps even earlier. Research shows that a fetus is capable of basic types of learning. Infant preferences such as those mentioned above (mother’s voice and specific foods) may develop in utero .
Multiple gestation babies>parental response
multiple births indicates that parents often experience
more stress and depression than do families with
singleton infants
A social worker can assist families of multiplegestation infants by providing a nonjudgmental environment for parents to talk about their
experiences.
Strengths, risks, and hazards during this stage
Biophysical Dimension
Complications of pregnancy: hyperemesis gravidarum, vaginal bleeding,
Hazards, and Risks placenta previa, toxemia, preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, polyhydramnios, IUGR. Environmental effects on prenatal development: maternal age; multiple gestations; maternal nutrition, illness, alcohol use, stress, depression and maternal anxiety. Prenatal testing. Complications of birth: anoxia, meconium aspiration, malpresentation, prolonged labor. Cesarean births. Neonatal complications: prematurity,
birth defects and developmental disorders. Strengths: mothers with
good health.
Temperament
The characteristic pattern by which an infant responds to
and interacts with the environment.
Object permanence
The ability to hold an image of an object or person
in one’s mind.
Emotional development in infancy-
Development of emotions. Stranger anxiety, separation anxiety; differences in infant temperament and goodness of fit; different attachment
patterns. Parents’ behaviors. Infant’s behaviors. Strange Situation Procedure. Attachment risks and problems.Recent research shows that emotions have a strong biological component.
Some emotions appear in babies with greater frequency in specific stages of
development. Between ages 2.5 and 6 months, the infant displays anger, sadness, surprise, and fear. Fear is an emotion that develops during the first year of life. Stranger anxiety begins between 5 and 6 months and diminishes at about 13 months. At this point, a baby may develop a transitional object. Emotional
expression in infancy is predictive of later childhood emotional characteristics.
Attachment theory-
Today, attachment theory is most closely identified with psychiatrist John Bowlby According to his theory, attachment has a biological, evolutionary basis. A baby forms a close, intimate relationship with a caregiver to ensure its survival. In an evolutionary sense, when a predator threatens, someone
needs to protect the vulnerable young. And infants need a particular caregiver to remember to pick them up when everyone else is running away.
This theory suggests that parents and infants may be biologically programmed to form an attachment.
Native American adoptions
Another controversy surrounds the adoption of Native-American children. In the 1950s and 1960s, 25–35% of all Native American children were removed from their families. Many of these children were taken from parents who were poor and lived in homes with no indoor plumbing.
After adoption, these children were often raised in circumstances that deprived them of their culture and heritage. Many believed that this practice
threatened the future of Native American tribes
In 1978, Congress
passed the Indian Child Welfare Act, giving tribes control over adoption
of Native American children. Adoptions involving Native American
children require not only a release from the birth parents but also a
release from the tribe.
Even when the parents
agree to the adoption by
a non-Indian family, the tribe can veto the process and place the child
with a Native American family. Critics claim that children have been removed from adoptive parents and returned to
a tribe even when the
birth parents did not live on a reservation and had no tribal affiliation.
Tribes argue, however, that to preserve heritage, Native American children need to be raised by Native American families.
Munchausen’s syndrome by proxy
Child abuse in which the caregiver
induces symptoms of illness in the child.
Lead poisoning-
In older buildings, constructed before 1950, walls were painted with paint that contained up to 50% lead. As the buildings aged, the paint began to peel
off the walls. In poor areas, many neglected, rundown dwellings have problems with peeling lead-
based paint. It is estimated that more than a million
children under the age of 6 live in these buildings Infants will put anything
in their mouths, including paint chips. Eating this
paint causes lead to build up in their systems. Children with high lead levels in their blood may have problems with learning and with delayed growth
and hearing loss. One out of six children in the United States has toxic blood lead levels that can affect intellectual functioning. The percentage of poor
children with high lead levels is nine times higher than that of more affluent children. The lead levels of African American children are on average six times higher than those of Caucasian children
Shaken infant syndrome
Infant abuse in which an adult shakes the infant, causing brain damage.
