Midterm General Flashcards
sociodemographic characteristics of Hispanics/Latinos residing in the U.S
52.5 mil in U.S. in 2011, plus 3.7 mil in Puerto Rico
17% of US pop
most growth of all pop groups from 2000-2011
median age is younger for Hispanics than US pop
>50% of the nation’s Hispanics live in CA, FL, and TX
sociodemographic characteristics of Hispanics/Latinos residing in the U.S
More Hispanics ≥ 25y/o no HS degree compared to whites
Lower % of advanced degrees compared to whites
Highest uninsured rate prior to ACA
Highest fertility rate (large proportion of young persons + a high fertility rate= a high ‘natural increase’ in the Hispanic/Latino population)
Definition of Health Disparities
Differences in the incidence, prevalence, mortality, and burden of diseases and other adverse health conditions that exist among specific population groups in the United States
DHHS initiative: Six Areas Identified as Priorities for Elimination or reduction by the year 2010
- Infant Mortality
- Cancer Management
- Cardiovascular Disease
- Diabetes
- HIV/AIDS
- Immunizations
Top-10 Hispanic Health Priority Areas:
- Cervical Cancer
- Diabetes
- No Prenatal Care
- Chronic Kidney Disease
- Teen Pregnancies (15-17)
- Incidence of Early Syphilis
- Chronic Liver Disease and Cirrhosis
- Fewer than 5 Prenatal visits
- Septicemia
- Pregnancies among women 18-19
Hispanics/Latinos have several notable health disparities when compared to non-Hispanic whites
BECAUSE Many of these disparities arise from socio-economic conditions and institutionalized policies related to prevention, access to care, and treatment
Health Equity
Fair opportunity to attain full health potential and that no groups should be disadvantaged from achieving this potential
Causes of disparities
Differences in the quality of care received within the health care system
Differences in access to healthcare, including preventative and curative services
Differences in life opportunities, exposures, and stresses that result in differences in underlying health status
Social Determinants of Health
Economic Stability, Education, Social and Community Context, Health and Healthcare, Neighborhood and Built Environment
Economic Stability
Poverty, Employment Status, Access to Employment, Housing Stability (homelessness, foreclosure)
Education
High School Graduation Rates, School Policies that Support Health Promotion, School Environments that are Safe and Conductive to Learning, Enrollment in Higher Education
Social and Community Context
Family Structure, Social Cohesion, Perception of Discrimination and Equity (man vs woman), Civic Participation, Incarceration/ Institutionalization
Health and Healthcare
Access to Health services - including clinical and preventive care, Access to Primary Care
Neighborhood and Built Environment
Quality of Housing, Crime and Violence, Environmental Conditions, Access to Healthy Foods
10 Leading Causes of Death for LATINOS in the US, 2010
- Cancer 2. Heart Disease 3. UI 4. Stroke
5. Diabetes 6. Liver Disease 7. Chronic LRD 8. Alzheimer’s 9. Nephritis 10. Flu & Pneumonia
National Prevention Strategies: Four Strategic Directions:
Healthy and Safe Community Environments
Clinical and Community Preventive Services
Empowered People
Elimination of Health Disparities
Recommendations for Eliminating Health Disparities
Ensure a strategic focus on communities at greatest risk,
Reduce disparities in access to quality healthcare,
Increase the capacity of the prevention workforce to identify and address disparities,
Support research to identify effective strategies to eliminate health disparities,
Standardize and collect data to better identify and address disparities
Healthcare Access and Utilization
Nearly 31% don't have a usual source of health care Large number of uninsured Hispanic/Latinos 34.8% Immigrant status (documented or not) puts sig limitations on employment and therefore insurance options
2 major outcome indicators of pop health
Infant mortality rates= live past first year
Longevity rates= How long you live
Doubled in US in last 100 years because we learned the
relationship between environment and health Antibiotics, germ theory and vaccines Societal changes (clean water,
clean air and housing conditions
Health Inequities
Differences in health that are unfair and avoidable
Affected by social, economic and environmental issues
Not warranted
At risk model
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At risk model criticisms
- Stigmatizes populations (gay males=aids)
- Treat pop as though they are the disease
- Attach a disease to a population
- Blaming the victim
- Reduces society’s role in risk takin behaviors
- Upstream vs downstream: need to ask more important questions of what is causing it
- Usually focused as individuals getting help and not the society
Resiliency models
Overcoming adverse conditions vs elimination of adverse conditions
focusing on individual risk factors for disease
- Eliminating one disease will not create health equity =We can cure diabetes but then there will be a new disease
- Need to make a health equitable society
- Fundamental contributors to disease and illness will not be eliminated
Who disease hits 1st
Most vulnerable (poor, low SES)
Disease prevention and management
Can increase health inequalities
Richer the ppl can afford treatments and education, can assess knowledge quicker
Health as a Human right
- As a society we do not act like this
- Requires set of social criteria that is conducive to health of all ppl, including availability of health services, safe working conditions, adequate housing and nutritious foods