Midterm GED Flashcards
Mearsheimer
Post-CW LIO doomed to fail due to economic inequality, internal sovereignty/national identity crises, and failed interventions
Borzel & Zurn
LIO 1: Multilateralism
LIO 2: Post national liberalism
Outcomes: strengthened LIO, weakened LIO or re-emergence of nationalism
Lake, Martin & Risse
Challenges to LIO: populism, nationalism and anti-globalism
Sources of resilience: conflict reduction, economic benefits, institutionalization, legitimacy
Cooper & Heine
Modern diplomacy: more actors (NGOs, MNCs, IGOs), blurred lines between domestic and foreign policy
new types of diplomacy
McConnell & Woon
China’s diplomatic strategy: major country diplomacy balancing heirarchy and equality, BRI & Win-Win model economic partnerships v. geopolitical influence
Cheng & Zeng
DSR is a political slogan and moves from the BRI’s physical infrastructure to digital (AI, data centers) , not a fully coherent strategy
Hegemonic Stability Theory
a hegemony is required to maintain global order
Liberal International Order (LIO)
An international order based on liberal principles such as democracy, free trade, and international institutions
Challenges to LIO (Internal)
declining US power, legitimacy crises, inequality, nationalism, populism, erosion of democratic norms
Challenges to LIO (External)
rise of China and Russia as revisionist power, climate change, COVID-19, technological disruptions
China in the global order
supports economic globalization but resists universal HR norms, uses economic and military power to shape global institutions
Outcome of the changing LIO (China)
- integrate into a reformed LIO
- create a parallel order challenging Western norms
- push for changes in the existing order rather than overthrow it
Contemporary Challenges in Diplomacy
- new diplomatic levels
- expanded actors (hierarchies to networks)
Club v Network
Club: exclusive, state-led, elite driven negotiations
Network: complexity across multiple stakeholders, increased democratizations, technology and multilateralism play key roles
Role of NGOs in Global Governance
- Agenda setting
- International standard setting
- Decision-making
- Monitoring and implementation
* opportunities in UN conferences to shape global priorities
PD 2.0 & the Digital Age
social media transformed diplomacy, controlling narratives and managing misinformation, allow states to shape global events
Mao Zedong
1st gen, revolutionary diplomacy leaning towards Soviets, ideological radicalization following the Sino-soviet split, rapprochement with the US
Deng Xiaoping
2nd gen, shift to development focused diplomacy, open-door policy, non-alignment, economic modernization, national interests over ideology
Jiang Zemin & Hu Jintao
3rd & 4th gen, reassurance diplomacy to counter external hostility, engaged in multilateralism, arms control treaties, expansion of diplomacy beyond MFA
Xi Jinping
5th gen, more proactive global role, assertion of core interests (south and east china seas), centralization of power, hierarchical relations
Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)
represents China’s growing influence, though its execution remains complex, no coherent implementation plan, involved multiple actors (gov’t agencies, state owned enterprises, provincial)
Thick v. Thin
Strong institutions v. Limited or light institutionalization
Bounded v Unbounded
Restricted group of members v. Most states globally
Realist Orders
driven by security competition and power politics, arise in bipolar or multipolar worlds
Liberal Orders
promote democracy, open markets, and rules based cooperation, unipolar
Agnostic Orders
arise in unipolar world order when the unipole does not have a universalistic ideology
Ideological Orders
arise in unipolar world order when the unipole has a universalistic ideology (e.g., liberalism, communism) short lived
Future of Global Order
- Multipolarity Dominates: US, China, Russia, competing bounded orders
- Emergence of Realist Orders: focus on security and balance of power, military/economic alliances shape int’l relations
- Economic Competition between Orders: US to counter China’s economic rise, BRI geopolitical tool, II’s adapt to new power realities
LIO I (1)
Post WWII, rule based multilateralism, western dominated, state-centric, limited authority over states, balance between free trade and national regulation
LIO II (2)
Post CW, expansion of liberal authority in II’s, strong emphasis on democracy, human rights, supranational governance, loss of state sovereignty, increased institutional authority, criticized for double standards, western dominance, institutional inequality
Contestations against LIO
Increased Liberal intrusiveness (challenges sovereignty by interfering in domestic affairs)
Legitimation Problems (unequal treatment of states, liberal norms imposed on state with different cultural traditions)
Crises Moments expose liberal authority: intervention lacked legitimacy, exceeded mandates, perceived failures of economic liberalism or enforce common policies
Contestation Strategies
Pushback, Reform, Withdrawal, Dissidence
Pushback
Strong influence, rejects Liberal intrusiveness, emphasis on sovereignty and limit human security justifications for interventions
Reform
Strong influence, accepts liberal order but demands changes, demand more representation for rising powers
Withdrawal
Weak influence, accepts order but disengages from it, EU migration crisis => lack power to reform, non-compliance
Dissidence
Weak influence, rejects liberal order entirely, reject international law as a Western construct
Resilience in the LIO
Economic interests: globalized businesses depend on free trade/supply chains
Institutional Inertia & Legal Frameworks: IO’s persistent despite contestations, norm diffusion sustains HR, democracy and multilateralism
Public support & legitimacy: younger generations and urban voters continue to favor multilateralism, against populism
Track Two diplomacy
informal conflict resolution by NGOs, academics and civil society
Future of Diplomacy
Increased complexity, Technological disruption, Evolving global power structures, Greater inclusivity, Resilience & adaptation
