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Kinesiology > Midterm Flashcards > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Define muscle tissue

A

Characterized by its ability to contract
Found in the heart, various organs and skeletal muscles

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2
Q

Define nervous tissue

A

Composed of cells(neurons) that are able to generate and conduct electrical messages as well as other cells which support neuron cells

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3
Q

Define epithelial tissue

A

Cells fit closely together to form sheets or membranes which cover and line surfaces of the body or form glands

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4
Q

Define connective tissue

A

Function to bind, support, insulate and protect structures

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5
Q

What are the functions of bone

A

Support, protection, movement, blood cell production, mineral storage

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6
Q

Examples of uniaxial joint

A

-Allows for a motion in a single plane around one axis
-hinge(elbow and knee joints) and pivot (header in soccer)

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7
Q

Adduct Vs Abduct

A

Adduct is together, abduct is away

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8
Q

What is elasticity?

A

The ability of a muscle to return to its resting length after being stretched

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9
Q

What are the different types of muscle fiber

A

-Type 1: Slow twitch, higher in contraction time, higher resistance to fatigue
-Type 2b: Fast twitch, fastest contraction time, greatest fatigability
-Type 2a: Fast twitch almost. Responses between type 1 and type 2b but closer to type 2b

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10
Q

Torque of muscle=torque of resistance

A

Short muscles against long levers or heavy resistance are capable of less force than long muscles against very short equivalent levers of resistance.
-Ex curling 10lbs with bicep is possible while curing it with index finger is unlikely

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11
Q

What is the prime mover?

A

-Most important muscles in a given movement

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12
Q

What is the antagonist force?

A

A muscle or muscles with an action opposite to the action of the prime mover

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13
Q

What is the agonist force?

A

Muscle whose contraction actually produces the desired movement.

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14
Q

What is the synergist?

A

-A muscle that works together with the agonist to help achieve the movement goal
-True synergist: ONly neutralizes and does not help with movement
-Helping synergist: helps and neutralizes

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15
Q

What are the different planes of movement?

A

-Sagittal (moving side to side), Frontal( running forward), Horizontal (twisting)

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16
Q

Name 3 functions of the bones

A

Support, movement, protection

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17
Q

Know the properties of the skeletal muscle structure

A

Attached to skeleton and gives rise to movement at joints
-Makes up approximately 40-45% of the avg. adult’s body weight
-Considered voluntary muscles because many can be controlled at will and they rely on stimulation from a nerve

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18
Q

Roles of the skeletal muscle structure

A

Maintenance of posture and positions
-Stability of joints
-Shock absorption
-Support and protection of internal tissues
-Control of pressures with cavities
-Production of body heat

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19
Q

What are the 5 regions of the spine in order?

A

-7 am breakfast cervical
-12 pm lunch thoracic
-5pm dinner lumbar
-5 sacral
-avg 4 coccygeal

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20
Q

What is an example of a first class lever?

A

header in soccer, nodding yes; the load is going down the fulcrum is in the middle and the effort is pointing down, the direction of movement is down

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21
Q

What is an example of a second class lever?

A

Going up in pointe shoes, calf raises, The effort is going up with the calf muscle, the load is going down, the fulcrum is at the end where the ball of the foot is and the direction of movement is up

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22
Q

What is an example of a third class lever?

A

bicep curls the fulcrum is at the elbow joint, the effort is going up in the bicep muscle and the load is pulling down (the weight in the hand)

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23
Q

What is superior vs inferior

A

-upper vs lower

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24
Q

What is anterior vs posterior

A

-front vs back

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25
Q

What is medial vs lateral

A

inside vs outside

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26
Q

What is proximal vs distal

A

closer together vs not closer together

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27
Q

What is dorsal vs plantar

A

ex, top of foot (dorsal flexion, flex the ankle) vs bottom of foot( pointe the foot plantar flexion)

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28
Q

What are the different axis

A

-Frontal axis (ex. cartwheel)
-Vertical axis (ex.spinning)
-Sagittal horizontal axis (ex. somersault)

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29
Q

Know ligaments posterior vs anterior spine

A

-Anterior longitudinal ligament limits spinal extension
-Posterior longitudinal ligament limits spinal flexion (bending forward)

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30
Q

What are the movements of the vertebral columns

A

-Spinal flexion-extension
-Spinal lateral flexion-left lateral flexion
-Spinal right rotation-left rotation

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31
Q

Difference between anterior vs posterior tilt and its contributing factors

A

-Anterior pelvic tilt is when the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) forward relative to posterior superior iliac spine
Posterior pelvic tilt: ASIS backward relative to PSIS
-Having weak core muscles

32
Q

What is an example of a pivot joint?

A

The joint between the atlas and axis allowing you to rotate your head from side to side

33
Q

What is an example of a hinge joint ?

A

The elbow joint which allows flexibility and extension of movements in the forearm

34
Q

What is an example of a condyloid joint( ellipsoidal joint)

A

The wrist joint which enabled flex ion, extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction movements of the hand

35
Q

Which joints have abduction and abduction capabilities?

A

-ball and socket joint
-condyloid joint (ellipsoidal)

36
Q

Define irritability

A

The ability to receive and respond to a stimulus commonly from an associated nerve

37
Q

Define extensibility

A

The ability of a muscle to be stretched or increase in length beyond the resting length

38
Q

What are the viscoelastic properties of muscles

A

Stress/force
Strain/ change in shape
TIME/ Rate of loading

39
Q

How one emphasize greater force production in the muscle ?

A

Application of rapid, high force stretch, immediately preceding a shortening concentric contraction of the same muscle

40
Q

A tendon is …

A

The connective tissue coverings that attach muscle to bone

41
Q

What is a concentric contraction ?

A

Involves shortening of muscle resulting in visible joint movement
Torque from muscle or muscle group is greater than that of the resistance

42
Q

What is an eccentric contraction

A

Lengthening of the muscle as visible joint movement
Torque produced by the resistance is greater than the torque produced by the muscle

43
Q

Define the stabilizer

A

Muscle that contract isometrically to support or steady a body part against forces related to muscle contraction, gravity, soft tissue constraints, momentum or recoil from the movement

44
Q

What is the definition of force couple as it relates to the body ?

A

Describes muscles located at different positions relative to a joint axis but that act together to produce rotation in the same direction

45
Q

What is the force coupling of the musculature around the hips that help prevent potential injury in athletes

A

The recurs abdominals stabilizes the body upward using external oblique muscles
The gluteus Maximus and hamstring muscles stabilizes the body downward and stabilizes the posterior tilt

46
Q

What is the law that talks about the mechanism of bone remodeling

A

Wolff’s law- binds remodel in response to forces acting on bones
-loading with weight bearing
-forces from muscle contraction

47
Q

Define the center of mass/gravity

A

Single point of a body about which every particle of its mass is equally distributed
Does not change

48
Q

Define line of gravity

A

Imaginary line running from the center of made of the body toward the ground
Position ins wove changes as the body moves around

49
Q

Define flexibility

A

Th ability of a joint to move through its normal range of motion

50
Q

What anterior spinal muscles deal with spinal flexion

A

Rectus abdominis
External abdominal oblique
Internal abdominal oblique

51
Q

What anterior spinal muscles deal with spinal lateral flexibility

A

Rectus abdominal (same side)
External abdominal oblique (same side )
Internal abdominal oblique (same side )

52
Q

What anterior spinal muscles are involved in spinal rotation

A

External abdominal oblique (opposite side)
Internal abdominal oblique ( opposite side )

53
Q

What anterior spinal muscles deal with spinal stabilization ?

A

Transverse abdominus

54
Q

What muscle connects the spine to pelvis to femur?

A

Iliopsoas
- helps with lumbar extension
-lumbar lateral flexion
Is most important muscle for over 90 degree hip flexion

55
Q

What anterior muscle helps with hip flexion, hip abduction, hip external rotation and knee flexion
Hint: it’s the longest muscle in the body
“Tailor’s muscle”

A

Sartorious

56
Q

What anterior muscle of the hip helps with hip flexion and knee extension and makes up 1/4 of the muscles that make up the quadriceps and is then only member of the quadriceps group that crosses hip joint ?

A

Rectus Femoris

57
Q

What lateral muscles of the hip are in charge of hip abduction and hip internal rotation

A

Gluteus medius and minimus

58
Q

What lateral muscle of the hip provides lateral support for the knee joint?

A

Tensor fasciae Latae
Other actions are
Hip abduction, hip flexion, hip internal rotation when the hip is flexed
It also had no bony distal attachment and connects to the iliotibial band 1/4 of the way down

59
Q

What posterior hip muscle helps with hip extension and hip external rotation and is the largest and most superficial of this posterior muscles of the hips

A

Gluteus Maximus

60
Q

What posterior muscles of the hip more specifically muscle of the hamstring helps with hip extension, hip external rotation and knee flexion?

A

Biceps femoris

61
Q

What alignment in the hip is less than 125 degrees?

A

Coxa vara

62
Q

What hip alignment is greater than 125 degrees

A

Coxa Valga

63
Q

What alignment in the hips cause the knees to go outward

A

Varus

64
Q

What alignment in the hips cause the knees to go inward

A

Valgus

65
Q

What pelvic tilt help with the extension of the hips

A

Anterior

66
Q

What pelvic tilt helps with flexion of the hips

A

Posterior

67
Q

What causes the tendency for knees and feet to face inward and cause less turnout

A

Femoral anteversion

68
Q

What causes the tendency for knees and feet to face outward and more turnout

A

Femoral retroversion

69
Q

What are some factors that can affect turnout ?

A

Orientation of the acetabulum
Abdominal strength and endurance
Lateral rotators
Ankle strength
Hip strength

70
Q

What percentages of turnout come from hip, ankle/foot and knee/tibia

A

60% comes from active external rotation from the hip
20-30% come from the ankle/foot
10-20% comes from active turn out from the knee and tibia

71
Q

What is a common injury that affects the hips and pelvis and the movement associated with that injury

A

Hamstring strain
Common with sports that involve sudden stops and starts like soccer
Symptoms- tenderness of hamstring muscle or attachment

72
Q

What is the force coupling mechanism for stabilization of the pelvis

A

Pelvic stability in the Sagittal plane ( anterior and posterior pelvic tilt)
Abdominal and hamstring force couple ( ab pulls up and hamstring pulls down) gluteus maximum supports
Mechanisms will only operate when the lower lions is fixed (closed kinetic chain)

Pelvic stability in the frontal plane ( lateral tilts)
Hip abductor mechanism

73
Q

What muscle provides aid in internal hip rotation when it’s in flexion

A

Tensor fasciate latae

74
Q

What are the external deep hip flexors

A

Quadratas femoris
Gemellus superior and inferior
Obturator internus and externus
Piriformis

75
Q

What are the external superficial rotators

A

Gluteus Maximus
Hamstrings
-semitendinosas
-semibranosus
-biceps femoris

76
Q

What specialized secondary functions hold the head of the femur in the acetabulum and help prevent upward jamming of the femur with hip abduction

A

Obturator internus and gemelli

Kinesiology (1 decks)

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