Midterm Flashcards
Define muscle tissue
Characterized by its ability to contract
Found in the heart, various organs and skeletal muscles
Define nervous tissue
Composed of cells(neurons) that are able to generate and conduct electrical messages as well as other cells which support neuron cells
Define epithelial tissue
Cells fit closely together to form sheets or membranes which cover and line surfaces of the body or form glands
Define connective tissue
Function to bind, support, insulate and protect structures
What are the functions of bone
Support, protection, movement, blood cell production, mineral storage
Examples of uniaxial joint
-Allows for a motion in a single plane around one axis
-hinge(elbow and knee joints) and pivot (header in soccer)
Adduct Vs Abduct
Adduct is together, abduct is away
What is elasticity?
The ability of a muscle to return to its resting length after being stretched
What are the different types of muscle fiber
-Type 1: Slow twitch, higher in contraction time, higher resistance to fatigue
-Type 2b: Fast twitch, fastest contraction time, greatest fatigability
-Type 2a: Fast twitch almost. Responses between type 1 and type 2b but closer to type 2b
Torque of muscle=torque of resistance
Short muscles against long levers or heavy resistance are capable of less force than long muscles against very short equivalent levers of resistance.
-Ex curling 10lbs with bicep is possible while curing it with index finger is unlikely
What is the prime mover?
-Most important muscles in a given movement
What is the antagonist force?
A muscle or muscles with an action opposite to the action of the prime mover
What is the agonist force?
Muscle whose contraction actually produces the desired movement.
What is the synergist?
-A muscle that works together with the agonist to help achieve the movement goal
-True synergist: ONly neutralizes and does not help with movement
-Helping synergist: helps and neutralizes
What are the different planes of movement?
-Sagittal (moving side to side), Frontal( running forward), Horizontal (twisting)
Name 3 functions of the bones
Support, movement, protection
Know the properties of the skeletal muscle structure
Attached to skeleton and gives rise to movement at joints
-Makes up approximately 40-45% of the avg. adult’s body weight
-Considered voluntary muscles because many can be controlled at will and they rely on stimulation from a nerve
Roles of the skeletal muscle structure
Maintenance of posture and positions
-Stability of joints
-Shock absorption
-Support and protection of internal tissues
-Control of pressures with cavities
-Production of body heat
What are the 5 regions of the spine in order?
-7 am breakfast cervical
-12 pm lunch thoracic
-5pm dinner lumbar
-5 sacral
-avg 4 coccygeal
What is an example of a first class lever?
header in soccer, nodding yes; the load is going down the fulcrum is in the middle and the effort is pointing down, the direction of movement is down
What is an example of a second class lever?
Going up in pointe shoes, calf raises, The effort is going up with the calf muscle, the load is going down, the fulcrum is at the end where the ball of the foot is and the direction of movement is up
What is an example of a third class lever?
bicep curls the fulcrum is at the elbow joint, the effort is going up in the bicep muscle and the load is pulling down (the weight in the hand)
What is superior vs inferior
-upper vs lower
What is anterior vs posterior
-front vs back
What is medial vs lateral
inside vs outside
What is proximal vs distal
closer together vs not closer together
What is dorsal vs plantar
ex, top of foot (dorsal flexion, flex the ankle) vs bottom of foot( pointe the foot plantar flexion)
What are the different axis
-Frontal axis (ex. cartwheel)
-Vertical axis (ex.spinning)
-Sagittal horizontal axis (ex. somersault)
Know ligaments posterior vs anterior spine
-Anterior longitudinal ligament limits spinal extension
-Posterior longitudinal ligament limits spinal flexion (bending forward)
What are the movements of the vertebral columns
-Spinal flexion-extension
-Spinal lateral flexion-left lateral flexion
-Spinal right rotation-left rotation
Difference between anterior vs posterior tilt and its contributing factors
-Anterior pelvic tilt is when the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) forward relative to posterior superior iliac spine
Posterior pelvic tilt: ASIS backward relative to PSIS
-Having weak core muscles
What is an example of a pivot joint?
The joint between the atlas and axis allowing you to rotate your head from side to side
What is an example of a hinge joint ?
The elbow joint which allows flexibility and extension of movements in the forearm
What is an example of a condyloid joint( ellipsoidal joint)
The wrist joint which enabled flex ion, extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction movements of the hand
Which joints have abduction and abduction capabilities?
-ball and socket joint
-condyloid joint (ellipsoidal)
Define irritability
The ability to receive and respond to a stimulus commonly from an associated nerve
Define extensibility
The ability of a muscle to be stretched or increase in length beyond the resting length
What are the viscoelastic properties of muscles
Stress/force
Strain/ change in shape
TIME/ Rate of loading
How one emphasize greater force production in the muscle ?
Application of rapid, high force stretch, immediately preceding a shortening concentric contraction of the same muscle
A tendon is …
The connective tissue coverings that attach muscle to bone
What is a concentric contraction ?
Involves shortening of muscle resulting in visible joint movement
Torque from muscle or muscle group is greater than that of the resistance
What is an eccentric contraction
Lengthening of the muscle as visible joint movement
Torque produced by the resistance is greater than the torque produced by the muscle
Define the stabilizer
Muscle that contract isometrically to support or steady a body part against forces related to muscle contraction, gravity, soft tissue constraints, momentum or recoil from the movement
What is the definition of force couple as it relates to the body ?
Describes muscles located at different positions relative to a joint axis but that act together to produce rotation in the same direction
What is the force coupling of the musculature around the hips that help prevent potential injury in athletes
The recurs abdominals stabilizes the body upward using external oblique muscles
The gluteus Maximus and hamstring muscles stabilizes the body downward and stabilizes the posterior tilt
What is the law that talks about the mechanism of bone remodeling
Wolff’s law- binds remodel in response to forces acting on bones
-loading with weight bearing
-forces from muscle contraction
Define the center of mass/gravity
Single point of a body about which every particle of its mass is equally distributed
Does not change
Define line of gravity
Imaginary line running from the center of made of the body toward the ground
Position ins wove changes as the body moves around
Define flexibility
Th ability of a joint to move through its normal range of motion
What anterior spinal muscles deal with spinal flexion
Rectus abdominis
External abdominal oblique
Internal abdominal oblique
What anterior spinal muscles deal with spinal lateral flexibility
Rectus abdominal (same side)
External abdominal oblique (same side )
Internal abdominal oblique (same side )
What anterior spinal muscles are involved in spinal rotation
External abdominal oblique (opposite side)
Internal abdominal oblique ( opposite side )
What anterior spinal muscles deal with spinal stabilization ?
Transverse abdominus
What muscle connects the spine to pelvis to femur?
Iliopsoas
- helps with lumbar extension
-lumbar lateral flexion
Is most important muscle for over 90 degree hip flexion
What anterior muscle helps with hip flexion, hip abduction, hip external rotation and knee flexion
Hint: it’s the longest muscle in the body
“Tailor’s muscle”
Sartorious
What anterior muscle of the hip helps with hip flexion and knee extension and makes up 1/4 of the muscles that make up the quadriceps and is then only member of the quadriceps group that crosses hip joint ?
Rectus Femoris
What lateral muscles of the hip are in charge of hip abduction and hip internal rotation
Gluteus medius and minimus
What lateral muscle of the hip provides lateral support for the knee joint?
Tensor fasciae Latae
Other actions are
Hip abduction, hip flexion, hip internal rotation when the hip is flexed
It also had no bony distal attachment and connects to the iliotibial band 1/4 of the way down
What posterior hip muscle helps with hip extension and hip external rotation and is the largest and most superficial of this posterior muscles of the hips
Gluteus Maximus
What posterior muscles of the hip more specifically muscle of the hamstring helps with hip extension, hip external rotation and knee flexion?
Biceps femoris
What alignment in the hip is less than 125 degrees?
Coxa vara
What hip alignment is greater than 125 degrees
Coxa Valga
What alignment in the hips cause the knees to go outward
Varus
What alignment in the hips cause the knees to go inward
Valgus
What pelvic tilt help with the extension of the hips
Anterior
What pelvic tilt helps with flexion of the hips
Posterior
What causes the tendency for knees and feet to face inward and cause less turnout
Femoral anteversion
What causes the tendency for knees and feet to face outward and more turnout
Femoral retroversion
What are some factors that can affect turnout ?
Orientation of the acetabulum
Abdominal strength and endurance
Lateral rotators
Ankle strength
Hip strength
What percentages of turnout come from hip, ankle/foot and knee/tibia
60% comes from active external rotation from the hip
20-30% come from the ankle/foot
10-20% comes from active turn out from the knee and tibia
What is a common injury that affects the hips and pelvis and the movement associated with that injury
Hamstring strain
Common with sports that involve sudden stops and starts like soccer
Symptoms- tenderness of hamstring muscle or attachment
What is the force coupling mechanism for stabilization of the pelvis
Pelvic stability in the Sagittal plane ( anterior and posterior pelvic tilt)
Abdominal and hamstring force couple ( ab pulls up and hamstring pulls down) gluteus maximum supports
Mechanisms will only operate when the lower lions is fixed (closed kinetic chain)
Pelvic stability in the frontal plane ( lateral tilts)
Hip abductor mechanism
What muscle provides aid in internal hip rotation when it’s in flexion
Tensor fasciate latae
What are the external deep hip flexors
Quadratas femoris
Gemellus superior and inferior
Obturator internus and externus
Piriformis
What are the external superficial rotators
Gluteus Maximus
Hamstrings
-semitendinosas
-semibranosus
-biceps femoris
What specialized secondary functions hold the head of the femur in the acetabulum and help prevent upward jamming of the femur with hip abduction
Obturator internus and gemelli
