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Water Quality & Health > Midterm-Final > Flashcards

Midterm-Final Flashcards

1
Q

____ was used as a medicine for skin disease that resulted in many people dying in francce

A

Salinon (triethyltin)

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2
Q

Canned foods are easily contaminated by tin - how does this happen?

A

Usually through seams or the can itself.

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3
Q

What compounds can cause more leaching of tin into canned food?

A

Nitrates, caramel, sulphur compounds.

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4
Q

How can one avoid tin leaching into cans?

A

take food out immediately after opening can

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5
Q

Where does Vanadium come from?

A

Fossil fuels, mining, and oily foods

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6
Q

Do we need Vanadium?

A

It seems to be essential in nutrition (perhaps in reducing the need for molybdenum by intestinal symbionts)

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7
Q

Where does Vanadium accumulate and what does it do in the body?

A

Accumulates in fat. Accelerates bone mineralization

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8
Q

What products contain vanadium?

A

Batteries, surgical tools, plating, saws

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9
Q

What happens during vanadium poisoning?

A

GI problems, headache, green tongue, metallic taste in mouth

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10
Q

What vitamin is used as an antitode for vanadium poisoning?

A

Vitamin C

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11
Q

Where is Zinc found?

A

Fossil fuels, mines, smelters, galvanized iron, plumbing fixtures, tanks, zinc-carbon batteries

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12
Q

What are the uses of Zinc in the body?

A

Needed for normal insulin secretion, inhibits replication of rhinoviruses, essential in nutrition

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13
Q

What products typically contain zinc?

A

bike chains, basically anything galvanized, supplements

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14
Q

Zinc _____ is a powerful poison used in many places as a rodenticide

A

Zinc phosphide

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15
Q

Vitamin ___ enhances Zinc absorption

A

Vitamin D

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16
Q

Where does Zinc accumulate in the body

A

Muscles, bone, prostate. Higher in healing tissues (wounds/fractures)

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17
Q

When is the Zinc body burden highest?

A

Around age 45

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18
Q

What occurs from Zinc deficiency?

A

Smells are super weird, poor appetite,

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19
Q

Zinc deficiency is most common in what type of people?

A

Alcoholics

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20
Q

The Canadian drinking water guideline for zinc is ____micrograms/L

A

___?

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21
Q

few more zinc things like symptoms

A

dssd

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22
Q

What are radionuclides?

A

have both chemical and radiation hazard (radioactive elements)

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23
Q

What are some sources of radionuclides?

A

Disintegrate from other elements, come naturaly from radioactive minerals in rocks, mines, reactors, hospital/research facility waste, storage of fuel rods, satellite crashes, fallout from nuclear weapons testing and reactor disasters

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24
Q

What is the difference between particle and non particle radiation?

A

Alpha and Beta radiation are legitimate particles (Can’t penetrate as much) whereas gamma radiation and x-rays can penetrate

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25
Q

How does half life differ between the environment and in the body?

A

Much lower half life in body

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26
Q

What is one place in MB where the water is too radioactive to drink?

A

Lac Du Bonnet

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27
Q

Where does Uranium accumulate in the body? What about food?

A

Deposited in bone. Bioaccumulates in crops (esp. in Okanagan valley)

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28
Q

The guideline for uranium is ___ micrograms/L

A

20

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29
Q

more uranium

A

yup

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30
Q

Strontium-___ is radioactive. Where does it usually come from

A

Strontium-90. Comes from mostly nuclear weapons testing

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31
Q

Describe the interactions between strontium and cows

A

GRass, vegetables eaten by cows ends up in milk (ends up incorporated instead of calcium), bioconcentrates in milk

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32
Q

Where is Cesium-137 most common

A

northern MB waters, baltic sea.

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33
Q

What is Radon gas?

A

radioactive gas produced by decay of uranium in rocks/soil. Dissolves in groundwater

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34
Q

____ is the second leading cause of lung cancer in canada

A

Radon gas

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35
Q

Why is radon a major health concern in MB?

A

Very common, has no smell or taste. Causes lung cancer, but seeps into basements through cracks/seems in foundation. .5 of MB houses have radon levels higher than what is considered safe

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36
Q

What is the biggest risk for radon gas exposure through water in MB?

A

owning a well. Aerating the water displaces radon gas which causes it to accumulate in the basement

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37
Q

Why does sealing cracks in houses increase radon gas exposure?

A

it can’t dissipate out of basemen

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38
Q

how are cigarettes and radon synergistic?

A

Radon gas + cigarettes increase lung cancer risk 10X

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39
Q

most of radon exposure is through ____

A

inhalation

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40
Q

How did the fukushima reactor affect canadians?

A

Most fish caught in BC is now contaminated with radioactive materials

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41
Q

Organic parameters contain at least the elements ___ and ___

A

C and H

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42
Q

Surface water generally contains (more/less) organic matter than groundwater

A

more

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43
Q

How are organic molecules affected by municipal water treatment?

A

They are not

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44
Q

How do synthetic organics degrade?

A

They basically don’t.

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45
Q

What are some awful contaminants in laundry detergent?

A

Ethylene glycol, benzene, germicides, anticaking agents, antideposition agents, antidusting agents, perfumes, bleach, chelators, endocrine disruptors, sometimes proteolytic enzymes

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46
Q

What are surfactants?

A

Function to disperse nonpolar substances in water

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47
Q

Where are surfactants found?

A

Detergents, cleaners, industrial solvents, pesticides

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48
Q

Alkylbenzene sulphonates differ from alkylbenzene sulphates in what way?

A

sulphonates -

sulphates -

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49
Q

Almost anything with a benzene ring is _____

A

very toxic

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50
Q

surfactants cause what issues in humans?

A

Easily absorbed, cause diarrhea, interfere with GI ability to digest foods (inhibits digestive enzymes)

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51
Q

Nonylphenol ethoxylate surfactants act as ______ disruptors. What problems can this cause?

A

endocrine disruptors, can cause early puberty in women

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52
Q

—- estrogenic??

A

kkk

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53
Q

Where is benzene found?

A

gasoline, lighter fluid, as a solvent, used to manufacture: pesticides, detergents, drugs, air fresheners

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54
Q

Benzene is volatile - what does this mean?

A

Converts to vapour easily - low boiling point (esp a problem when distilling water)

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55
Q

Benzene can persists for a long time in ___ water

A

groundwater, anaerobic conditions

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56
Q

How is benzene taken into the body?

A

Inhalation (cigarette smoke), or absorption through skin

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57
Q

What does benzene do in the body?

A

damages bone marrow, WBC, RBC, platelets (pancytopemia), depresses B and T cells, damages liver, causes cancer, accumulates in fat

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58
Q

Typically organics are more toxic in ___ (males/females) than ___. Why?

A

females than males, because women typically have more fat and these things accumulate in fat

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59
Q

_____ are a fruit containing benzoic acid

A

cranberries

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60
Q

What is one way to avoid benzene in your car?

A

Benzene is emitted by most car fixtures - so before you turn on AC, it is important to open car windows and allow benzene to leave

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61
Q

Carcinogenecity and bioconcentration of chlorinated benzenes increases with number of ____

A

chlorine atoms

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62
Q

What are phenolic compounds?

A

Naturally arising compounds with benzene ring as fundamental structural unit. Some are super large with many rings bound together

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63
Q

Phenolic compounds come from where?

A

Mostly pulp/paper mills, pesticide/drug manufacturing, plastics factories

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64
Q

Can we taste phenolic compounds?

A

yes, at 0.3mg/L

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65
Q

What happens when phenolic compounds go through a water treatment plant?

A

Produces worse carcinogens

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66
Q

What are acute symptoms of phenolic compounds?

A

abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting

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67
Q

What are chronic symptoms of phenolic compuonds?

A

liver/kidney damage, CNS damage, slow growth, fetotoxic, causes leukemia and lymphoma

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68
Q

MEthylene chloride is found in what?>

A

spray paints, adhesives, paint/glue removers, cleaning fluids, wood stains, varnishes, water repellents, cigarettes, many hygiene/cosmetics

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69
Q

Methylene chloride is metabilized in the body to ___

A

carbon monoxide

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70
Q

What activities increase absorption of methylene chloride?

A

being fat, excercising

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71
Q

How does CO affect the brain?

A

binds to hemoglobin PERMANENTLY

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72
Q

what are symptoms of methylene chloride intake?

A

CNS damage, psychotic symptoms, cancer

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73
Q

Where does ethylene glycol come from?

A

antifreeze, solvent. Disposal of used antifreeze down drain, winterizing water lines in cottages, boats, pools

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74
Q

What does antifreeze taste like?

A

sweet

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75
Q

A _ __ of antifreeze is lethal to a cat, a _ __ of antifreeze is lethal to a dog

A

teaspoon, tablespoon

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76
Q

About _____ mL of antifreeze is lethal to humans within 72 hours

A

100mL

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77
Q

propylene glycol is a toxic additive in many foods, drugs, and other products. name some

A

makeup, shampoo, deodorant, hair detangler, styling gel, bubble bath, conditioner, wallpaper stripper, de-icer

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78
Q

what are pthalate esters primarily used in?

A

Plastic products - keep plastic flexible

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79
Q

pthalate esters are found in what consumer products?

A

Pesticides, dyes, lubricants, nail polish, “fragrance”, “parfum”, hygiene, air fresheners, IV fluid, medical tubing/gloves

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80
Q

How do pthalates relate to food?

A

Found in aluminum foil, plastic wraps, plastic bottles such as condiment containers

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81
Q

How do pthalates affect humans?

A

affect mitchondria, implicated as hormone disruptor in early female puberty, cancer, internal bleeding, low sperm count/male reproductive disorders, allergic response.

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82
Q

Why is it that it is recommended to use fabric shower curtains to avoid pthalates?

A

High temp can aerosolize pthalates

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83
Q

How do microwaves relate to pthalate intake?

A

DO NOT MICROWAVE IN PLASTIC TRAYS, or microwavable popcorn bags

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84
Q

How do dioxins vary?

A

According to number and arrangement of chlorines

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85
Q

Where do dioxins come from?

A

Byproducts from manufacturing chlorinates pesticides, bleached pulp mills, incineration of chlorinated chemicals

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86
Q

What occurred when Dow Chemical employees were spreading a compound called “Brushkill”

A

This compound contained dioxin and people spreading it did not provide proper PPE, and people died of cancer and other illnesses

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87
Q

_____ is a U.S. military toxin used in WWII containing dioxin

A

Agent Orange

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88
Q

most of our exposure to dioxins come from ____

A

beef, fish, seafood, eggs

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89
Q

the half life in body fat of dioxins is _____

A

7.1 years

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90
Q

What occurs from dioxin poisoning?

A

hair loss, liver/nerve damage, male fetus more susceptible, females + children in general more susceptible, can attach to DNA, cause endometriosis.

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91
Q

aromatic compounds are what?

A

compounds containing benzene rings

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92
Q

PAHs are what?

A

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

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93
Q

PAHs are found in what

A

fossil fuels, vaseline, smoking/frying/barbequing, tobacco smoke, paints/coatings, asphalt-lined distribution pipes, sewage effluent, industrial effluent, road leaching

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94
Q

PAHs cause what?

A

asthma, heart problems, low IQ, very high carcinogenic

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95
Q

Why is BBQing the biggest average exposure to PAHs?

A

Char has PAHs, fat dripping into fire produces PAHs

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96
Q

Bisphenol-A is abbreviated to….?

A

BPA

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97
Q

Where is BPA found?

A

polycarbonate plastics, nalgene, shatterproof plastic, food can linings, eyeglass lenses, older baby bottles/nipples, receipt paper, glossy paper, printer ink, high levels in recycled paper

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98
Q

BPA can be identified by the recycling symbol #___

A

7

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99
Q

How does BPA act on the body?

A

Hormone disruptor, estrogen mimic. Causes the usual reproductive problems, developmental/attention problems, cancer

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100
Q

What are PCBs?

A

Polychlorinated biphenyls

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101
Q

Where do PCBs come from?

A

Electrical transformers, capacitors, old microscope immersion oils, old fireproofing, carbonless copy paper, adhesives, pesticide extenders

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102
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: PCBs can be inhaled

A

true

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103
Q

Atmospheric DDT is converted to ___ by UV light

A

PCB

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104
Q

Toxicity of PCBs increases with number of _____s

A

chlorines on molecule

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105
Q

How do PCBs act in the body

A

mimic estrogen, accumulate in fat, concentrate in breast milk

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106
Q

The disease caused by PCB exposure is called ____

A

Yusho disease

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107
Q

What are symptoms of Yusho disease (excessive PCB)

A

CNS depression, brown pigmentation of skin/nails (looks like freckles), characteristic chemical body odor, cancer

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108
Q

Polybrominated flame retardants are very similar to ____s. What is the difference?

A

PCBs - have bromine atoms instead of chlorine atoms

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109
Q

Polybrominated flame retardants are found in what?

A

Water/food (contaminated), used as flame retardant, dust - furniture, electronics, airplanes, any sealed (energy efficient) building,

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110
Q

Polybrominated flame retardants are otherwise known as ____

A

PBDEs (polybrominated diphenyl ethers)

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111
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: wild salmon have higher flame retardant levels than farmed salmon

A

FALSE

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112
Q

PBDEs/polybrominated flame retardants cause what symptoms?

A

oh boy

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113
Q

PFCs are otherwise known as _____

A

perfluorinated compounds

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114
Q

Where are PFCs found?

A

teflon, food container liners, none-stick materials, stain/water repellent treatments, toaster ovens, space heaters, heat lamp

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115
Q

The primary manufacturer of PFCs is ____

A

Dupont

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116
Q

PFCs have been implicated in the death of what animal. How?

A

Birds - extremely toxic to birds. “Teflon toxicosis”, results in millions of bird deaths in the vicinity of teflon factories.

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117
Q

What are effects of PFCs in humans?

A

Birth defects (ex. cleft palate), developmental/hormone problems.

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118
Q

Why is the use of PFCs in cooking a huge deal?

A

More toxic above 400F and most toxic about 680F - people can die from cooking in high heats

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119
Q

PFCs are synergistic with ____

A

cigarette smoke

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120
Q

What is a good way to avoid PFCs?

A

buy “PFOA” free, keep pet birds out of kitchens, phase out teflon cookware

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121
Q

What is triclosan?

A

Antibacterial agent found in many antiseptics such as hand sanitizer, dish soaps, toothpaste, underwear, shower curtains, cutting boards, mouthwash, toyota steering wheels, chopsticks, pillow cases, so many other things that we may not want bacteria on

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122
Q

What problems are posed by triclosan?

A

Breaks down to dioxin.

promotes antibiotic resistance

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123
Q

When are pharmaceuticals a very big problem in drinking water

A

particularly in communities downstream of another community - not removed from wastewater - no DW guideline

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124
Q

What pharmaceuticals are most widely found in the water?

A

antibiotics, hormones (ex. BC pills), cholesterol pills, painkillers (ex. ibuprofen)

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125
Q

/ of all GI illnesses in Canada are due to microorganisms in tapwater

A

1/3

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126
Q

Why are pathogens sometimes not found in water?

A

May be present in water at such low densities they are not detectable. May exist as strains that do not show up in tests. Samples very heterogenous across a water body, a year

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127
Q

what is required to screen for giardia or cryptosporidium?

A

run at least 1000L of water through filter

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128
Q

Why are viruses a huge concern in water?

A

Any human virus that can be excreted will likely be transferred by water. Water treatment/filtration does no help with virus, May remain latent for a long period of time in the body

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129
Q

Viruses that most often have long latency periods are ____

A

oncogenic viruses

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130
Q

How many viruses need to be ingested to produce illness?

A

Dependent on type of various, state of individual

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131
Q

If water is dirty, does that mean there are lots of viruses?

A

No. In fact, viruses are more common in “clean” water

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132
Q

What enteric viruses are most common?

A

Hep A

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133
Q

How does one acquire Hep A and what does it do?

A

Acquired from ice, swimming pools, drinking water? spreads to blood and invades liver.

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134
Q

Where are bacteria found in water?

A

All surface waters contain bacteria, but most are benign

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135
Q

What bacterial species causes many musty tastes/odours in water?

A

Actinomycetes

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136
Q

Where do actinomycetes such as streptomyces proliferate?

A

Anaerobic environments (ex. water reservoirs)

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137
Q

What is one substance produced by actinomycetes that makes fish smelly?

A

Geosmin

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138
Q

What are the two most common iron-bacteria genera found in MB?

A

Gallionella, Sphaerotilus

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139
Q

Where are iron bacteria often found in water?

A

Groundwater with high iron or sometimes in iron pipe distribution systems

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140
Q

What do iron bacteria do?

A

Convert soluble Fe to insoluble ferric hydroxide

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141
Q

What does Sphaerotilus do in the water?

A

Secrets mucilage sheath and creates slime, plugging filters and interfering with water flow

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142
Q

Iron bacteria result in what problems in water?

A

Rusty discoloration of water, odour, iron taste

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143
Q

Which sulphate reducing bacterial species is most common in MC?

A

Thiobacillus

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144
Q

Thiobacillus bacteria can produce sulphuric acid - what does this do?

A

Corrode metal/concrete pipe

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145
Q

Desulphovibrio desulphuricans converts sulphur to _____

A

H2S

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146
Q

Pathogenic bacteria in water come from what practices?

A

sewage, manure, wildlife, pets, landfills, industrial effluents

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147
Q

If most pathogenic bacteria cannot proliferate in water, how do they infect humans?

A

remain viable for an extremely long time

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148
Q

Globally, pathogenic bacteria are the ____ greatest killer of children under 2 years old

A

SINGLE!!

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149
Q

obligate anaerobes in our digestive tract outnumber other organisms by ______:1

A

1000:1

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150
Q

What are some general traits of coliform bacteria?

A

Bacilli, lactose-fermentors (CO2 producers), all aerobic or facultatively anaerobic

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151
Q

Total coliform counts are always expressed as ___

A

MPN - most probable number per 100mL

152
Q

Fecal coliform bacteria come from feces of whom?

A

Warm blooded animals/birds - indicate that fecal contamination has occurred

153
Q

How often is water sampled for coliforms?

A

Weekly if above 5000 pop’n, biweekly otherwise

154
Q

max levels for total coliforms is what?

A

10% of samples, with 10MPN - none must be fecal

155
Q

What is the primary cause of travellers diarrhea/sickness?

A

different (geographic) people have different strainsof normal flora, and travellers do not have antibodies against them

156
Q

What are some symptoms of E. coli infection?

A

nausea, diarrhea, dehydration, usually no fever, intestinal epithelium invasion, enterotoxin production,

157
Q

What are the best fixes for e. coli infeciton?

A

Loperamide hydrochloride, pepto bismol

158
Q

What causes the actual symptoms in Shigella infection?

A

Enterotoxins - in fact you don’t even need to ingest shigella if the toxin is present

159
Q

In what ways are shigella bacteria so hardy?

A

Can survive in cold water (4 degrees), need less than 10 to infect

160
Q

What are the primary sources of Klebsiella and what are some symptoms?

A

fecal contam, pulp mills. Symptoms: Endocarditis, UTI, meningitis, respiratory failure

161
Q

What are the primary sources of Yersinia spp?

A

Natural zoonotic reservoirs (animal defecation), livestock, pets

162
Q

Does chlorination kill Yersinia spp?

A

No

163
Q

What condition does Yersinia cause? What is the major symptom?

A

Yersiniosis. Abdominal pain in right lower quadrant of abdomen - sometimes misdiagnosed as appendicitis. High Fe may make people more susceptible.

164
Q

salmonella notes

A

bbjddbal

165
Q

What is the number one way to avoid salmonella poisoning?

A

fully cook chicken and eggs

166
Q

What is the primary reason why there are so many untreatable Campylobacter strains?

A

Because when we developed fluoroquinilones we begged agricultural industries not to use it as a prophylactic but they did it anyway - now many are resistant

167
Q

Where can people acquire legionella pneumophila?

A

inhalation of aerosols from contaminated water - HOT WATER, spas, jacuzzi

168
Q

What are symptoms of legionnaires’ disease?

A

fever, respiratory infections - 20% mortality

169
Q

Where did people recently develop legionnaires’ disease in MB

A

krevco hottubs - display tubs

170
Q

Where does the bacterium Leptospira interrogans come from? How does infection occur?

A

Urine of rats, livestock, wildlife. Infection occurs via bathing, washing, swimming, from contact with water especially if you have a cut

171
Q

What are symptoms of Leptospira infection?

A

Abrupt frontal headache, fever, red eyes, progresses to CNS, kidneys, permanent liver damage

172
Q

Where does Leptospira infection occur?

A

Mostly eastern europe - doesn’t occur here

173
Q

Where can one get Chlamydia trachomatis?

A

Waterborn rickettsia, infects eye conjuctiva

174
Q

What are the two names for Brucella infection?

A

Brucellosis, undulant fever

175
Q

Where do we acquire Brucella from in MB?

A

Cattle, pigs, rabbits

176
Q

What is one of the main problems with TB infection?

A

Long latency period - very common in Northern FN reserves

177
Q

What factors make one more susceptible to TB infection?

A

Lymphoma, asthma, alcoholism, some others

178
Q

What is the causative agent of cholera?

A

Vibrio cholerae

179
Q

How do people infected with cholera often die?

A

dehydration

180
Q

actively feeding unicellular protozoa are referred to as

A

trophocytes

181
Q

What are the two main protozoan water parasites

A

Giardia, Cryptospiridium

182
Q

What is Giardiasis otherwise known as?

A

Bever fever

183
Q

Where is giardiasis a huge problem?

A

Russia, Canada, US

184
Q

What kind of waters often contain giardia?

A

clean looking water

185
Q

What are some zoonotic sources of giardia?

A

Beavers, muskrats, cats/dogs, sewage

186
Q

How can humans give others Giardia infecitons?

A

Shitting in lakes, washing diapers in lakes

187
Q

WHat are the symptoms of Giardia infection?

A

10ish day incubation. Intermittent diarrhea, neausea/loss of appetite. Lasts up to 7 weeks

188
Q

How do Giardia infect humans?

A

Stick to wall of intestine, cause ulcers and may exposure one to secondary infection

189
Q

What is Giardiasis often misdiagnosed as?

A

peptic ulcers

190
Q

Where can one acquire salmonella infection in MB?

A

livestock, pets, contaminated meat, salads

191
Q

How can salmonella bacteria be killed?

A

boiling water

192
Q

What are sources of Cryptosporidium?

A

Wild animals, livestock, pets release cysts in water or food

193
Q

What are symptoms of cryptosporidium infection?

A

diarrhea, abdominal pain, weight loss, fever

194
Q

Who is most affected by cryptosporidium infection?

A

Babies - may die

195
Q

What is the most famous Cryptosporidium outbreak ever?

A

1993 Milwaukee

196
Q

Have we had Cryptosporidium outbreaks in Canada?

A

Yup. ex. dauphin

197
Q

How many cysts are necessary to be infected with Giardia? Cryptosporidium?

A

G - 1

C - 10

198
Q

What are the primary differences between Giardia and Cryptosporidium infection

A

Giardia - cyst double the size, infection lasts longer

199
Q

What treatment methods can be used for Giardia and Cryptosporidium?

A

Chlorination is not effective for C, but is for G. Biling over 1 min works for both. Filtration using micropore filters works.

200
Q

What are the health risks for exposure to both G and C?

A

Health status (illness, stress), genetic strain of cysts, number of cysts ingested, what the organisms are ingested with, age/gender

201
Q

How can C and G be treated?

A

Using drugs that generally cause the same symptoms as the illness itself

202
Q

Entamoeba histolytica is the causative agent of what?

A

Amebic dysentery

203
Q

What is the primary difference between E. histolytica and E. coli?

A

Coli has 8+ nuclei, histo has 1-4 nuclei

204
Q

How is E. histolytica spread

A

domestic dogs/cats

205
Q

What are symptoms of E. histolytica infection?

A

Damages intestinal epithelium, causes ulcers and bleeding and can enter blood stream, where they find other organs such as the liver, brain.

206
Q

Naegleria gruberi is the causative agent of what?

A

Amebic meningoencephalitis

207
Q

How does one acquire N. gruberi?

A

Inhalation of aerosol containing amoeba?

208
Q

Do people die of Naegleria infection?

A

Yes. Inc period of 4-6 days and they can infect brian and kill you

209
Q

Balantidium coli is what type of organism?

A

Ciliated protozoan - almost visible by naked eye

210
Q

Where is Balantidium coli found?

A

Intestines of humans and pigs, spread by drinking/inhaling

211
Q

What are symptoms of Balantidium coli?

A

Damages/ingests mucosal and submucosa. tissue - intestinal inflammation, diarrhea - may enter bloodstream and invade spinal fluid

212
Q

Is there Balantidium in MB?

A

yes, from hog barns

213
Q

What are the primary reservoirs for human helminth infection?

A

Livestock/pets

214
Q

What is the basic nematode life cycle?

A

Mature worm lays eggs in intestinal mucosa, hatch into larvae. Shed with feces. Penetrate feet or mouth of new host. Enter bloodstream, carried to lungs, break out and migrate to bronchi. swallowed and carried to small intestine. Attach to mucosa and suck blood.tissue cells. Mature into adults. Adult worms live up to 5 years, heavy infection and migration to other organs may lead to death

215
Q

What is the approx waiting period for nematode infection?

A

4 weeks

216
Q

What are conditions caused by hookworm

A

Ankylostomiasis, one other?

217
Q

What are symptoms of nematode infection?

A

Diarrhea, neausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, fever, bouts of coughing, sore throat, weight loss

218
Q

What are nematode infections often misdiagnosed as

A

peptic ulcer

219
Q

Pinworm is cased by what?

A

Enterobius vermicularis

220
Q

What is the most common helminth infection in US and Can

A

Pinworm

221
Q

What is the reservoir host for Enterobius vermicularis?

A

Humans

222
Q

Dracunculus medinensis is the causative agent of what

A

Draontiasis/dracunculiasis

223
Q

D. medinensis is otherwise known as what?

A

Guinea worm

224
Q

What is the intermediate host for Dracunculus medinensis?

A

Cyclops.

225
Q

What happens in the life cycle of Dracunculus medinensis?

A

intermediate host is Cyclops, where larvae develop. When water containing Cyclops is ingested, parasite travels to connective tissue and muscles. Male worm dies after mating and female grows to over 1 meter long over a year, pokes through skin and discharges eggs whenever skin comes in contact with water. Lives for 3 weeks then dies

226
Q

How does one remove a Guinea worm?

A

Grab the worm, wrap it around a stick, and over several weeks you pull a little bit more of it out until the worm is fully removed

227
Q

The whipworms are known as ______

A

Trichuris trichiura

228
Q

Where do whipworms live in humans?

A

Attach to mucosa for small intestine

229
Q

What are symptoms of Whipworm infection?

A

Abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss, nausea, bleeding

230
Q

What is the life history of whipworms

A

Eggs passed in water, larvae can hatch in water and can live for a few weeks if not ingested.

231
Q

What are the two major groups of Ascaris?

A

Ascaris lumbricoides and Ascarus suum

232
Q

In what species are Ascaris species found?

A

Humans and pigs

233
Q

What do Ascaris do to their host?

A

Live in small intestine, produce large amounts of eggs, and steal nutrients from hosts

234
Q

What happens if Ascaris bursts inside of hosts?

A

Contents of body under high pressure, very toxic.

235
Q

What is the life history of Ascaris?

A

Hatch in small intestine, larvae enter capillaries. Carried to heart, lung, and then bronchi. They are then swallows, mature, and start growing into sexually reproducing adults

236
Q

A single female Ascaris can produce up to about ______ eggs per day

A

200 000

237
Q

What are some symptoms of Ascaris infection?

A

Cough, fever, respiratory irritation, skin itching, can block bile/pancreatic ducts, enter appendix. Interferes with nutrition.

238
Q

What is the major risk of the blood-travel stage of Ascaris infection?

A

May accidentally migrate to brain, kidney, eye, spinal cord instead of lungs. This can be where neurological damage occurs.

239
Q

What are the two types of Toxocara parasites?

A

T. canis, T. cati

240
Q

What occurs from Toxocara infectoin?

A

Toxocariasis

241
Q

How can one become infected with Toxocara?

A

From eggs in water/damp soil. Usually children get it from feces of pets

242
Q

How can cats/dogs acquire Toxocara?

A

From feces, milk, or even in utero

243
Q

Taenia saginata comes from what type of food? How common is it?

A

From beef. Most common tapeworm in North America

244
Q

Taenia saginata is ____m long

A

17m

245
Q

Taenia solium come from what type of food?

A

Pork

246
Q

Diphyllobothrium latum comes from what type of food?

A

Fish

247
Q

Hymenolepis nana, Hymenolepis deminuta, and Dipylidium caninium all come from what kind of animal?

A

Cats, dogs

248
Q

The anterior end of the tapeworm is referred to as the ____. What is present on it?

A

Scolex. Has suckers and rostellum (ring of hooks)

249
Q

The anterior Scolex of the tapeworm produces a series of segments called what?

A

proglottids

250
Q

How is tapeworm passed from hsot to host

A

Eggs passed in feces of definitive host, eggs ingested by intermediate host. Hatch, travel to muscles and organs with blood. Encyst as cysticerci.

251
Q

How may animals ingest tapeworm?

A

From undercooked/uncooked flesh. Smokes, dried, salted meats can contain infective cysticerci. Cysticerci can develop into adult tapeworms in the gut

252
Q

What is the difference between ingesting eggs and larvae of tapeworms?

A

We can become intermediate host if we ingest eggs - called cysticercosis
When we ingest larvae we become definitive hosts

253
Q

What is it called when cysticerci of tapeworms live in the head/brain

A

Neurocysticerci

254
Q

Briefly describe the lifecycle of a fish tapeworm

A

Definitive host releases eggs into water. Egg develops into coracidium, which onfects copepod. Metamorphoses into procercoid,which is taken in by a fish that eats the copepod. Inadequately cooked fish can harbour tapeworms

255
Q

Sometimes the pletocercoid from fish develops into another one in people, referred to as _____

A

sparganosis

256
Q

In MB top carnivore fish, infection rates may be as much as ____

A

70%

257
Q

Tapeworm infection is referred to as ____. What are some symptoms?

A

Taeniasis.

Weight loss, mautrition, abdominal pain, diarrhea, many people unaware until they evacuate proglottids

258
Q

What is another way to obtain cysticercosis (other than ingesting infected water)?

A

Eggs may be moved from small intestine to stomach during vomiting

259
Q

What are some symptoms of neurocysticercosis?

A

Epileptic seizures, personality problems, headache, buildup of intracranial fluid

260
Q

Describe the life cycle of a fluke

A

miracidium > snail host > sporocyst > redia > cercaria (emerges from snail) > encysting on macrophytes as metacercaria > deifnitive host (which drinks water/ingests)

261
Q

How long can flukes survive in the water?

A

4-15 days

262
Q

How do the eggs of Fasciola species enter the feces?

A

Eggs shed in liver, travel down bile ducts to intestines

263
Q

Swimmers itch is caused by what?

A

by Fluke cercaria entering human skin and causing very itchy immune reactions

264
Q

What MB flukes can infect humans?

A

Fasciola hepatica and Fasciolopsis busci, opisthorchis (from dogs/cats)

265
Q

How does one avoid swimmers itch?

A

towel yourself off immediately after swimming in a lake

266
Q

Swimmers itch is otherwise known as?

A

Cercarial dermititis

267
Q

What symptoms does Schistosoma cause?

A

fever, abdominal pain, weight loss, diarrhea, intestinal polyps, kidney failure

268
Q

Where do Schistosoma flukes live?

A

in blood vessels

269
Q

Where is schistosoma mansoni found?

A

Africa, SA

270
Q

Describe the life cycle of Schistosoma mansoni.

A

Eggs laid in blood vessels > intestine > penetrate intestinal wall > feces > miracidia find snail > sporocysts > cercaria

271
Q

Where can one acquire yeast infections?

A

Swmming, bathing, contaminated spas, aerosols

272
Q

What diseases can be caused by yeasts?

A

Endocarditis, GI infection, kidney/bladder infections

273
Q

Aspergillus fumigatus is the causative agent of ______?

A

Aspergillosis

274
Q

How can one acquire Aspergillus?

A

May invade ear, nasal sinuses, skin, lungs, swimming, bathing, inhalation

275
Q

In what cases is Aspergillus infection fatal?

A

Invasion of lungs

276
Q

Hepatoxins are what shape?

A

Cyclic polypeptides (5aa: nodularins, 7aa:MC)

277
Q

What are symptoms of acute algal hepatotoxin ingestion?

A

blood pools in liver, circulatory failure, and acute hepatotoxicosis (death)

278
Q

What are symptoms of chronic algal hepatotoxin exposure?

A

Permanent liver damage, promotes liver cancer

279
Q

What is the LD50 of MC?

A

50 micrograms/kg

280
Q

What are some exposure routes for MC?

A

Ingestion, skin absorption, inhalation

281
Q

How do algal lipopolysaccharide endotoxins work?

A

They are intracellular toxins, lipid-sugar molecules coming in many different varieties

282
Q

What is the least studied cyanotoxin group?

A

Lipopolysaccharides

283
Q

What is spirulina?

A

A species of Anabaena

284
Q

Why is Spirulina used in supplements?

A

Takes away appetite - diet pill.

High protein content - used in powders.

285
Q

What are some risk factors for Spirulina contamination?

A

Often Spirulina are harvested in area that may contain Anabena and Aphanizomenon spp. - often contaminated with their toxins

286
Q

What are some toxins produced by Dinoflagellates?

A

BMAA, saxitoxins, neosaxitoxins

287
Q

What is one harmful bloom caused by Dinoflagellates?

A

Red tides (and subsequent paralytic shellfish poisoning)

288
Q

How do saxitoxins work?

A

Prevents release of acetylcholine

289
Q

Up to ___% of humans die of PSP

A

75%

290
Q

Dinoflagellates contain two cell wall parts called what?

A

Epitheca and hypotheca

291
Q

Bacillariophyta are otherwise known as ____

A

Diatoms

292
Q

Chydrophyta are otherwise known as ____

A

golden algae

293
Q

Diatoms and golden algae produce what in their cell wall?

A

Silica

294
Q

Diatoms and golden algae bloom at what times of year?

A

Spring, late fall, sometimes in winter under ice

295
Q

Diatoms use what to stay afloat despite their heavy cell walls? Is this safe for consumption?

A

They use oils, and these oils smell/taste fishy (totally safe)

296
Q

The chlorophyta are otherwise known as what

A

green algae

297
Q

How can green algae become toxic?

A

Some species produce toxins (chlorella, Scenedesmus), and may bioaccumulate heavy metals

298
Q

The charophyta includes what groups? What are they?

A

Muskgrass, skunkgrass. They are large algae - resembling macrophytes but having no vascular tissue

299
Q

The chariohyta do what to produce bad odours/tastes?

A

Produce sulphur, smell skunky

300
Q

Why is it necessary to store municipal water?

A

IT may come from some distance, sometimes stockpiled for future use. Often stored in a basin or reservoir
Sometimes the reservoir is the primary source

301
Q

What is the problems with storing water in artificial reservoir cells?

A

They are steep sided and therefore subject to thermal stratification and oxygen depletion. Decay and geosmin production near the bottom

302
Q

Can algal blooms occur in reservoirs?

A

Yes. This is a problem because chemicals are often used to kill the algae.

303
Q

What are some effects of chlorinated organic byproducts?

A

Produces thousands of chlorinated organic molecules, many being carcinogens. Chlorinated organics accumulate in fatty tissues

304
Q

What are some problems with water chlorination?

A

Effectiveness depends on temperature (takes longer at lower temp.). Only partially effective for some organisms such as Yersinia, Strep, Staph, Legionella. Not effective at all for polio, Clostridium, protozoan cysts, nematodes, phenolic compounds, actinomycete/bluegreen odours. makes water taste like bleach. generates carcinogenic chlorinated organic byproducts.

305
Q

What are benefits of chlorination?

A

Inactivates many enteric bacteria and viruses (reduced cholera, typhoid), kills algae. Oxidizes some organic compounds, converts bad smelling sulphides to sulphates/sulphur

306
Q

What is a “chlorine residual”?

A

Chlorine residual must be present in the distribution system in order to kill some organisms that may grow during distribution.

307
Q

What is an example of a trihalomethane?

A

CHLOROFORM

308
Q

The current DW guideline for trihalomethanes? How does this compare tothe wHO?

A

100 micrograms/L - WHO is 30 micrograms/L

309
Q

What are other sources of organic chlorinated exposure?

A

cola drinks, some instant coffee, solvents/degreasers/cleaners, treated wood, bleach, swimming pools/hot tubs, home well water chlorinators

310
Q

How is it that cola products end up with high chloroform levels?

A

Chloroform used to remove cocaine from coca leaves

311
Q

What is the amount of chlorinated organics in water directly related to?

A

Intensity of chlorination, length of time water is in contact with chlorine (residual in pipes continues to react with stuff), concentrations usually lower in winter,

312
Q

Highest chlorination levels in Canada are found in ____. Why is this?

A

Whitemouth, MB. Because river goes through a bunch of livestock-land

313
Q

Is chlorination needed for groundwater?

A

Nope, unless it is polluted

314
Q

How are THMs absorbed?

A

Directly in GI from drinking water

315
Q

THMs can be taken in in what ways?

A

Inhaled during showering, bathing, washing dishes, laundry, humidifiers - absorbed through skin as well

316
Q

What do THMs do in the body?

A

Irreversible liver damage, CNS depression, tumors in liver/urinary, accelerates growth of existing tumors, promotes bladder/colon cancers, crosses placenta, delayed fetal development

317
Q

THMs are synergistic with ____

A

ethanol

318
Q

Describe the variation in THMs in MB?

A

Below detection limit in places that use groundwater, but may be very high in river surfacewaters polluted by agriculture/livestock (Red River, Whitemouth)

319
Q

What are some ways to remove/minimize chlorinated byproducts in water?

A

Pretreat raw water with other chemicals (ex. Al coagulants), remove them after chlorination expensive). The best option is to also treat with another method such as ozonation

320
Q

What is “superchlorination”?

A

Otherwise known as chlorine shocking or well shocking. Used to disinfect wells - done when new well is drilled, or to disinfect a single problem well (not whole aquifer).

321
Q

Describe Ozonation as water disinfection?

A

Ozone gas used instead of chlorine. (used in Europe commonly)

322
Q

What are advantages of ozonation of DW?

A

Breaks down into O2 - no toxic residual. No chlorinated byproducts, more effective than chlorine. Kills bacteria quickly, inactivates lots of viruses, spores, fungi, and even protozoan cysts. Oxidizes more organics, cyanides, phenols, nitrite > nitrate, oxidizes smelly sulphides. Precipitates Fe, Mn, many heavy metal ions.

323
Q

What are disadvantages of ozonation?

A

More expensive, does not destroy actinomycete or bluegreen odours, doesn’t oxidize THMs, no residuals left. May convert some things such as plastics (nonbiodegradable organics) to biodegradable version,s providing substrate for bacterial growth. Small amounts of toxic products may be formed (pesticide breakdown, natural organics)

324
Q

What are advantages of UV light as a water treatment method?

A

Destroys viruses, bacteria, oxidizes a lot of organic compounds. Destroys colour/odour producing molecules, decomposes heavy metals, and destroys some organic carcinogens/neurotoxins

325
Q

What is the best wavelength for UV water treatment> Is that attainable?

A

265nm, but the best we can do is 253.7nm

326
Q

What are soem disavdantages of UV light as a water treatment method?

A

Does not destroy protozoan cysts (need external filtration), water must have low turbidity, humic compounds and Fe interfere, water may have to be pe-treated as a result. No residual in distribution system. Also very expensive (lamps last

327
Q

Where is UV disinfection often used?

A

private homes

328
Q

In which conditions can UV not be used?

A

If water is turbid/coloured, TCC >100MPN/100mL, electricity fluctuates in voltage, if there are protozoan cysts, if algal blooms are present, if lamp is over 2 years old

329
Q

How can potassium permanganate be used for DW?

A

in some old-type rural home systems, small scale/emergency water disinfection, used in travellers water purification tablets - adds Mn to water

330
Q

How can bromination be used for water treatment?

A

Not for drinking!!!!! used in spas or hot tubs

331
Q

What is the purpose of aerating drinking water?

A

Improve quality (generally), especially beneficial for groundwater (which lacks oxygen), precipitating Fe and Mn.

332
Q

What are some downfalls of aerating drinking groundwater?

A

driving out dissolved gases into the consumers home. (like H2S - can kill people)

333
Q

What is “flotation” and how is it used to teat water

A

Air bubbles very slowly release nito water from the bottom, and as these bubbles rise they attract solid particles, forming a froth that can be skimmed off the surface. This allows wate to be treated for turbidity

334
Q

How is sedimentation accelerated in the wpg DW treatment plant?

A

coagulants are added (such as aluminum sulphate) to clump fine sediments together and silica is added to make them heavier so they sink

335
Q

What kind of filtration is used in many municipal water systems?

A

Water passed through series of sand beds, removes many microorganisms, protozoan cysts, parasite eggs.

336
Q

What kind of filtration is used in home systems?

A

Home consumer may use ceramic filters. Activated carbon filters also work very well - remove trihalomethanes

337
Q

describe the ion exchange system that water softeners use?

A

One type of ion adsorbed onto resin material, replced by another ion of same electrical charge. Ca, Mg, removed by cation exchanged resin, Na ions from water softener salt are substituted instead - Increases Na concentration in finished water

338
Q

When should home water softeneers be used>?

A

between 300 and 700mg/L

339
Q

What system is used to soften brackish water?

A

Dialysis membranes with weak electical currents (pull ions from water) - Electodialysis

340
Q

What occurs during reverse osmosis treatment?

A

Pressure is applied to water and water molecules are squeezed through semi permeable membrane - solutes are left behind. Membrane must be changed regularly because it does acquire tears

341
Q

What can get through reverse osmosis pores? How is this addressed?

A

some small molecules. Addressed by running the rest of the water through an activated carbon filter

342
Q

What is necessary to have a reverse osmosis water system?

A

need high water pressure

343
Q

How do activated carbon filters remove molecules?

A

Remove large molecules that may be missed by reverse osmosis - removes chlorine residual, organics, petsicides, atinomycete/bluegreen odours, some inorganics, heavy metals

344
Q

What are disadvantages of carbon filters?

A

Efficiency declines with use and age, bacteria may grow on filter

345
Q

How do ceramic filters work?

A

Don’t work for chemicals, only particles. Come in different mesh sizes - remove fine particle,s bacteria, eggs, cysts but not viruses. Must be cleaned regularly. Bacteria are not killed and may gro on filter

346
Q

What is the advantage of using distillation to treat water?

A

Low TDS

347
Q

What are some disadvantages of using distillation to treat water?

A

Very expensive and uses a lot of electricity. Aggressive index very high (pH5.4), may contain high concentrations of volatile substances, no nutritive value, bacteria like Pseudomonas may still grow

348
Q

What are the two kinds of distillation?

A
  1. Batch - One batch at a time, needs to be manually refilled (not collected to plumbing system)
  2. Continuous feed - Connected to plumbing, replenished automatically
349
Q

How can freezing be used as a water treatment method?

A

Dissolved materials cannot become incorporated into crystal lattice structure of ice

350
Q

Why is it that we must boil even ice before drinking it?

A

Pathogens are not affected by freezing - remain viable

351
Q

Bottled water that claims to be from a glacier has what issues?

A

Is likely quite dirty due to atmospheric deposition

352
Q

What must be added to concrete?

A

Well it’s primarily made of gypsum (alkaline). Contains liquidizers, packing/porosity additives, additives to release air bubbles, swelling agents, bonding agents, permeability inhibitors, corrosion retardants, pesticidal additives, antiflaking additives, pigments, UV retardants

353
Q

Why was asbestos added to pipes in Winnipeg?

A

To reduce corrosion of cement pipes.

354
Q

Asbestos cement pipes in Winnipeg are ___% asbestos?

A

17%

355
Q

What is asbestos?

A

Fibrous minerals (two types: amphibole and chrysotile).

356
Q

What is the most common asbestos fibre in Canada. Is there a DW guideline?

A

Chrysotile. No guideline.

357
Q

How are asbestos fibres counted?

A

Electron microscopy (fibers/L)

358
Q

Are there natural asbestos sources?

A

They are present in Ontario/Quebec

359
Q

ACP pipe is otherwise known as

A

Asbestos concrete pipe

360
Q

Highest asbestos in water in the city is found in ___

A

Garden City

361
Q

What are other sources of exposure to asbestos in our daily lives?

A

Construction materials, flameproof fabrics, shields, firefighters’ gear, insulation (Zonolite), drywall, even children’s toys

362
Q

What does asbestos do?

A

Causes cancer after long lag period, may not be a direct carcinogen but instead interferes with detoxification

363
Q

what cancer is caused only by asbestos?

A

Mesothelioma - cancer of inter-lung space under sternum

364
Q

What are some ways of taking in asbestos?

A

Inhalation of aerosols (fibers lodge in alveoli), or can be ingested and work through intestinal wall into capillaries, where they are distributed all over the body

365
Q

Asbestos is synergistic with ___

A

Tobacco smoke, PAHs, possibly radon gas

366
Q

Where can asbestos be found in the home and car?

A

fireplaces, valves/seals/gaskets of cars, break pads of cars

367
Q

How is asbestos mined in Quebec?

A

Open pit mines

368
Q

Lead concentrations in tapwater are generally _____than in raw water

A

higher

369
Q

Home built before 1946 in winnipeg likely have what kind of internal plumbing?

A

Lead

370
Q

Homes built between 1946 and 1989 in winnipeg likely have what kind of plumbing and solder? What about after 1989?

A

Copper pipes with lead solder. After 1989, solders must have less than 0.2% lead

371
Q

How does the city of Winnipeg attempt to reduce leaching of lead into water from pipes?

A

Phosphoric acid is added to water

372
Q

____ aggravate(s) the rate of leaching of copper from pipes

A

Chlorination and manganese

373
Q

Older types of pipes qare often being replaced by what?

A

Plastics!

374
Q

What are some compounds foun d in plastic water pipes?

A

PVC, CPVC (chlorinated PVC), PB - all carcinogenic

375
Q

What plastics are often used in waste lines?

A

ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) - Suitable only for waste lines!! - ALL SUPER CARCINOGENIC

Water Quality & Health (4 decks)

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