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World Views > Midterm + Final > Flashcards

Midterm + Final Flashcards

1
Q

Anachronism

A

Using a concept from one time period in a different time period

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2
Q

Anthropomorphic

A

to give human characteristics to something (God)

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3
Q

Chain of being

A

Hierarchy of all things

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4
Q

Christian Universalism

A

Everyone is saved; everyone is of God and accepted/forgiven by him

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5
Q

City of God

A

everyone who embraces God

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6
Q

Apophatic/Negative
Theology

A

God by negation

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7
Q

Caritas/Cupiditas

A

Love of God v. Love of self (limited things)

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8
Q

Cognitive Theme/Counter Theme

A

Concept v. Different Concept (ex. linear time v. circular time)

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9
Q

Compatibilism

A

determinism fits with freedom of will

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10
Q

Contempus mundi

A

Contempt for the world/focus on the next world

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11
Q

Credo quia absurdum

A

I believe because it is absurd; faith seeking understanding

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12
Q

Demiurge

A

god-like shaper of the world

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13
Q

Determinism

A

Everything is predetermined

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14
Q

Divine (fore)knowledge

A

God knows all (in advance?)

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15
Q

Donatism

A

Priests must be pure for the sacrament to work

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16
Q

Divine simplicity

A

God is simple; one entity

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17
Q

Ego sum qui sum

A

I am that I am - God is existence

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18
Q

Epistemology

A

The branch of philosophy that examines the nature, origin, and limits of knowledge

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19
Q

Equivocation

A

Making one thing mean two different things

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20
Q

Essence

A

what a thing is; what doesn’t change

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21
Q

Eternal v. Everlasting

A

no beginning/ending v. has a beginning

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22
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

evaluating a world view from your own cultural perspective

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23
Q

Etic v. Emic analysis

A

1st person v. 3rd person

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24
Q

Evil a privation

A

Evil is the absence of God

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25
Q

Ex nihilo nihil

A

out of nothing you get nothing

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26
Q

Fall of man

A

Original sin

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27
Q

Fideism

A

Faith > reason; sometimes disparages reason

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28
Q

First cause

A

God either 1) had no cause or 2) is its own cause

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29
Q

Future Contingents

A

a possible event; neither necessarily true nor necessarily false

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30
Q

Gnosticism

A

The body is the prison of the soul; the God of the Bible is a lesser false god

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31
Q

Heresy

A

“wrong views”

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32
Q

Holism

A

whole>sum of its part

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33
Q

Humanism

A

humans have a special dignity

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34
Q

Hyperousias

A

God is beyond being

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35
Q

Imago dei

A

Image of God; in christianity, the idea that humans are “in God’s image”

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36
Q

Justification by Faith

A

it is on the basis of faith alone that believers are made right of sin

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37
Q

Manichaeism

A

belief in the opposition of good and evil

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38
Q

Materialism

A

matter is the fundamental substance of nature

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39
Q

Metanoia

A

change resulting in spiritual conversion

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40
Q

Metaphysics

A

The study of reality and existence, who we are, and what our purpose is

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41
Q

Millenarianism

A

second coming

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42
Q

Necessity v. Contingency

A

Must be true v. can be true

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43
Q

Neo-Platonism

A

Resurgence of platonic ideas; era of philosophy blending christianity and hellenic ideals

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44
Q

Normative v. Descriptive

A

How things should be v. how things are

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45
Q

Omnipotent

A

unlimited power

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46
Q

Omniscience

A

knowing everything

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47
Q

Original Sin

A

Adam and Eve

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48
Q

Orthodoxy

A

“right views”

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49
Q

Pantheism

A

God = nature

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50
Q

Paradox

A

Two obvious inferences that are incompatible

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51
Q

Pelagianism

A

you can save yourself; free will to achieve human perfection

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52
Q

Perfectibility

A

you can make yourself perfect

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53
Q

Perfection

A

God’s attributes

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54
Q

Predetirminaiton

A

Everything is predetermined

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55
Q

Prevenient Grace

A

God graces you first by guiding you owards him

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56
Q

Revelation

A

God communicates with you; Bible

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57
Q

Saving remnant

A

i.e. Noah’s ark

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58
Q

Sea Battle

A

an example of future contingents

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59
Q

Slave to sin

A

humans are dominated by temptations

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60
Q

Spontaneity

A

actions fro true nature; only God is capable

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61
Q

Substance

A

Being / the fundamental reality

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62
Q

Synchronic v. Diachronic

A

one glance (note: God’s view) v. through time

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63
Q

Syncretism

A

mixing of WVs

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64
Q

Temporal / Ontological Priority

A

God was before / everything depends on God

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65
Q

The Word/logos

A

Christ - of God and within God

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66
Q

Theology

A

study of the divine

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67
Q

Timaeus

A

creation of the world

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68
Q

Typology

A

study of the old testament compared to the new

69
Q

Unmoved mover

A

God - cannot change

70
Q

Via negativa/via affirmativa

A

What God is not / What God is

71
Q

Weltanschauung

A

World View in German

72
Q

Wheel of Fortune

A

Ups and downs of life

73
Q

Will

A

motivation of freedom in the term “free will”

74
Q
  1. Identify and briefly explain four of the six functions of a worldview, as explained by Hiebert.
A

1) Answer to the ultimate questions
2) Emotional security
3) Validates cultural norms - guides behaviour
4) Monitor cultural changes - selecting elements that fit; rejecting others

75
Q
  1. Identify and briefly explain three of the evaluative themes/counterthemes from the course slides.
A

1) Time as linear v. circular
2) Nature is organic (whole) v. mechanistic (individual parts)
3) Sacred v. profane

76
Q
  1. Give Hiebert’s definition of a worldview.
A

“The fundamental cognitive, affective, and evaluative presuppositions a group of people make about the nature of things, and which they use to order their lives”

77
Q
  1. Briefly explain what is meant by saying that Christianity is a synthesis of Athens and Jerusalem.
A

Christianity is an amalgamation of Jewish faith and Greek philosophy; i.e. physical image of God, God as matter/substance; a combination of the Antenian belief in logic and the Jewish belief in faith

78
Q
  1. With reference to the book of Genesis, explain the Christian doctrine that pride is sinful.
A

Pride is defying God/thinking you can be as good as him (Adam and Eve)

79
Q
  1. Briefly explain why Plato holds that the divine must be unchanging
A

1) To change, one must change either for the worst or for the best
2) God is already the greatest thing imaginable
3) To change God would have to change for the worst
4) That is not a logical change, thus he is unchanging

80
Q
  1. Identify and briefly explain the main elements of Plotinus’ neo-Platonism.
A

1) the One is infinite
the one is not selfish and so he creates
2) the Intellect - pure forms
3) Soul - wants to get back to the source

81
Q
  1. Briefly explain the evolution of Augustine’s conception of God.
A

1) believes in God without a human form but material
2) God is immaterial
3) Understanding the Trinity - love

82
Q
  1. Explain how Augustine uses analogy to illuminate the Christian doctrine of the Trinity.
A

We are made to resemble God to better understand him; Looking at humans, we have a will, memory, and understanding which are all the mind

83
Q
  1. Briefly summarize the controversy between Augustine and Pelagius and its significance.
A

Augustine thinks that Original Sin ruined us and that very few can be saved

Pelagius believes that, since Jesus told us to be perfect, perfection must be attainable

84
Q
  1. Briefly explain Augustine’s understanding of the contrast between the City of God and the Earthly City.
A

City of God: the believers
Earthly City: the non believers who indulge in worldly pleasures

85
Q
  1. Briefly explain the philosophical problem of future contingents.
A

The problem of free will
The Sea Battle: “there will be a sea battle tomorrow” - if yes than that statement was always true, if not than it was always false; everything in the past was necessarily true or false so where doe free choice come in?

86
Q
  1. Briefly explain how Boethius reconciles divine foreknowledge and human free will.
A

Human have free will because, from their perspective, they can make that decision; However, from God’s perspective, there is no choice (ex. you can’t know someone is making a choice but that does not take away the fact that they did make a choice)

87
Q
  1. Briefly explain the doctrine of chance given by Philosophy in Boethius’Consolation.
A

Chance is only perceived by the person experiencing it
There are always preceding causes for all events and so luck doesn’t exist

88
Q
  1. Identify and briefly explain Eriugena’s fourfold division of nature.
A

1) is not created and creates (God)
2) created and creates (primordial causes or ideas)
3) created and does not create (us)
4) is not creates and does not create (God - after creation)

89
Q
  1. Briefly explain what Eriugena means by calling God a ‘seer’ and a ‘runner.’
A

Seer: all things are in God’s vision
Runner: he makes all things move
God is simple, thus his vision and actions are one

90
Q
  1. Briefly explain the sense in which God may be said to be ‘nothing’ in Eriugena’s philosophy.
A

God is simple, i.e. not a “thing”; he is beyond being; things have characteristics, God is beyond characteristics

91
Q
  1. Briefly explain Eriugena’s views on the naming or description of God.
A

Description based on comparison; God cannot be contrasted with anything else or with what he is because is simple and beyond understanding by comparison

92
Q
  1. Briefly summarize Anselm’s argument for God’s existence in Chapter 2 of the Proslogion.
A

“that than which nothing greater can be thought”
The understanding of God means he must be real

93
Q
  1. Briefly summarize Gaunilo’s reply to Anselm’s argument for God’s existence from Ch. 2 of the Proslogion.
A

The island argument

94
Q
  1. Briefly summarize Anselm’s theory of truth.
A

God is Truth; Things are true in relation to God, not in relation to themselves; rectitude = in accordance with God

95
Q
  1. Briefly summarize why Anselm holds that not even God can take away rectitude of will.
A

1) Freedom of will is freedom of rectitude
2) Freedom of will is given to us by God
3) If God took away rectitude of will, it would be inconsistent with this characterization

96
Q
  1. Briefly explain why Anselm holds that the ‘ability to sin’ is not part of the definition of freedom of choice.
A

1) God had freedom of choice
2) God cannot sin
3) Sin cannot be a part of God
4) God cannot be sinful
5) Freedom of choice cannot include sin

97
Q
  1. Briefly explain how Anselm justifies the damnation of infants who die unbaptized.
A

1) human are stained by sin
2) human aren’t great enough to get rid of sin, only Jesus is; to think that you are great enough to rid yourself of sin is prideful
3) humans cannot rid themselves of sin without baptism

98
Q
  1. With reference to the slogan fides quarens intellectum, explain Anselm’s view on the authority of reason.
A

“faith seeking understanding”
When considering contradictions, faith>logic

99
Q

Principles of Continuity, Gradation, Plentitude

A

Continuity: the chain of being is continuous - eveything follows from the previous and flows into the next
Gradation: Ranked
Plentitude: the universe is FULL

100
Q

Act and Potency

A

What something is - only God is this without potency

What something can be - potential

101
Q

Active v. Passive Intellect

A

Active: thinking
Passive: receptive aspect of the intellect (see a chair, think chair)

102
Q

Anchorite/Anchorise

A

Hermit - living religious life on their own in total devotion to God

103
Q

Anthropocentrism

A

Human centred view - Humans above everything else

104
Q

Antinomianism

A

Heretical view - if you’re saved already you might as well do whatever you want

105
Q

Arianism

A

One God - Creator

Son and Spirit are divine but made by God

Heretic view

Jesus is an angel in a body

106
Q

Asceticism

A

Deprive oneselves of any luxury

107
Q

Atonement

A

Reconciliation with the divine

108
Q

Blasphemy

A

Anything you say of do that show a lack of respect for the divine

109
Q

Christendom

A

The territory ruled by Christianity (Usually referring to Europe)

110
Q

Christology

A

The part of Theology studying Christ

111
Q

Consubstantial

A

Of the same substance

112
Q

Cosmopolitanism

A

Humans are all part of the same community (typically Christianity)

113
Q

Demonstration

A

Structure of deductive reasoning - starts with premises, leads to conclusions

If: all S = Q
and all Q = P
Then all S = P

114
Q

Ens necessarium

A

Nothing is necessary except God

115
Q

Essence v. Existence

A

The nature of something vs its actuality

For God, his essence is his existence

116
Q

Filioque

A

“Of the Son”

In the West - God the father and the Son generate the holy spirit

In Easter thought - the holy spirit is produced only from the father

117
Q

Final Cause

A

Aristotle - the purpose of a thing explains it and everything about it

118
Q

Godhead (Godhood)

A

The divine essence

119
Q

Haecceity

A

“thisness”

What differentiates you from something with the same essence/nature

120
Q

Hair Shirt

A

Tool for self torment used in monastic life

121
Q

Hylomorphism

A

every natural body consists of two intrinsic principles, one potential, namely, primary matter, and one actual, namely, substantial form

122
Q

Imitatio dei

A

You must imitate the divine (Christ)

123
Q

Intellectual Substance

A

No material form (angels)
Incorporeal

124
Q

Intercession

A

Intervening - praying for assistance/help for yourself or someone else

125
Q

Limbo

A

Edge of hell for people who are unbaptized

126
Q

Messiah

A

The anointed one - Jesus in Christianity

The liberator

Different from the Jewish Messiah

127
Q

Mysticism

A

A set of practices aimed at getting one closer to the divine

128
Q

Natural Law

A

Moral rules written into the nature of things and which we can recognize

129
Q

Nicene Creed

A

Unified Christian world view

130
Q

Nominalism v. Realism

A

Realism

131
Q

Numerical Identity

A

A thing is only numerically identical to itself

Different than qualitative identity - things that have the same characteristics

132
Q

Passion

A

Passion of Christ - suffering of Christ to help humans

133
Q

Pollution

A

Contamination of the Soul

134
Q

Prime Matter

A

Aristotle: matter without form

pure matter that can take on any other form - is all already formed

135
Q

Principles of Continuity, Gradation, Plenitude

A

The great chain of being:
Plenitude: all form in nature have been realized
Gradation: Things are ranked
Continuity: continuous ranking

136
Q

Principle of Sufficient Reason

A

“Nothing is without reason”

Never acceptable to say that something has not explanation

Not necessarily a motive

137
Q

Purgatory

A

A place where imperfect souls go - a place to burn out all your sinful nature - painful but there is hope (as opposed to hell)

138
Q

Quiddity

A

“Whatness”

The nature

139
Q

Sabellianism

A

Christian heresy: only one God, no Trinity

3 from our point of view

140
Q

Spiritual Body

A

When resurrected you do not only come back in a spiritual sense
There will be a spiritual body that is superior to your original body

141
Q

Substantial Form

A

The form that makes the thing what it is

142
Q

Suffering servant

A

Isaiah
The scapegoat
Christian view: predicts Jesus

143
Q

Summum Bonum

A

The highest good

Aristotle: happiness

Christian: (understanding of) God

144
Q

Teleology

A

Explanations that emphasis the end - explain why things happen by using their purpose

145
Q

Transcendentals

A

Concepts that transcend Aristotelian schemes of categories

Ex. Being, true, good (according to some Christianity), etc. (applies to everything)

146
Q

Universals

A

Universal essence

ex. Triangularity, humanity (realist)

147
Q

Voluntarism

A

The relationship between the will and the intellect in God

God’s will has priority over his intellect

Ex. Why is killing wrong? Because God decided (will)

148
Q
  1. Briefly summarize Anselm’s argument against Roscelin’s view of the Trinity.
A

Roscelin: thought that there was a looming heresy with the doctrine of divine simplicity; if they’re all one thing, they all have to be born; instead, he must be three things.

Anselm: what you are saying is ambiguous; you’re not saying anything new; if you’re saying that he’s three different essences than that is heresy (polytheism)

149
Q
  1. Briefly explain Anselm’s Christology
A

View of Christ: Jesus is fully human and fully divine; fused natures (godly and human); the characteristics of Jesus are part of the divine (his actions).

150
Q
  1. Briefly explain Aquinas’ view concerning charitable love toward irrational creatures.
A

You cannot show charitable love towards irrational creatures cause you cannot be friends with an irrational creatures.
1) You cannot wish good on them because they cannot possess good and they are not free being.
2) To be friends you must share a form of life and human life is rational.
3) To be friends = to wish eternal happiness - you can’t help an irrational creature go to heaven

151
Q
  1. Briefly explain what is meant by talk of Aquinas’ ‘destruction of the world.’
A

Not the destruction of the physical world

The destruction of the concept of the world: our understanding of the world is wrong - the idea that the world is a container of objects; reality is instead each object blasting into existence.

152
Q
  1. Briefly explain the difference between strong and weak theories of existence.
A

Weak: reality cannot be explained; things have a simple presence; existence by observation

Strong: why; you cannot end inquiry with the thought that things are simply there

153
Q
  1. Briefly explain Duns Scotus’ solution to the problem of individuation.
A

The problem: realist position - universal nature that humans share

How are things individual?

Kent: chain of categories; things can not be further divided; you are not the same as the other things on your level

Scotus: this doesn’t explain anything; the things that makes you unique cannot be observed

154
Q
  1. According to Aquinas, in what sense did the devil desire to be like God?
A

He desired to be equal to god or like god

He can’t be equal to god as he is finite and God is infinite; he would have to destroy his own nature

He wanted to imitate God - but humans also want to imitate God - so what is the difference? - he is trying to conquer nature - similar but without God’s assistance - pride

155
Q
  1. Briefly contrast Anselm’s view with the traditional explanation for Christ’s incarnation.
A

Original Sin - under the devil’s authority

Traditional view: a human born that is not one of Adam and Eve’s progeny - the devil cannot act on him

Anselm: God would not give power to the devil - instead, humans cannot pay off their crimes; so you need a being that is divine and human so they can act on the behalf of humans but also with divine essence

156
Q
  1. Briefly explain Aquinas’ view on the question whether an angel is in a place.
A

Angels are immaterial

They occupy space through their intellect and apply their power to a place through their intellect

157
Q
  1. Briefly summarize Aquinas’ view on love for one’s enemies.
A

You cannot love an enemy as an enemy

You should love what makes them human and so what makes them a child of God

158
Q
  1. Briefly explain why, according to Dante, humans need the guidance of both secular and Church authority.
A

People have a dual nature: the soul (larger purpose) and the body (this world)

What makes a life good is a life spent thinking; you need secular guidance for this

You need the guidance of the Church for your soul

159
Q
  1. With reference to Margery Kempe, distinguish introvertive from extrovertive mystical experience.
A

Introvertive: solely introspective
Extrovertive: sensory perception of the world

160
Q
  1. Identify and briefly describe the three characteristic features of mystical experience.
A

Noetic: the mind/intellect - the cognitive part of the experience - the known
Ineffable: can’t be put into words - past conceptuality
Paradoxicality: seemingly illogical way of expressing a mystical experience

161
Q
  1. Briefly explain Aquinas’ view on the sorrow of the demons.
A

Sorrow is physical, not mental - it’s not achieving your will
Demons do not have a body
They are not capable of felling
They feel sorrow in the sense of frustration of their will. They’re desires are not fully fulfilled

162
Q
  1. Briefly explain why, according to Dante, secular powers do not derive their authority from the Church.
A

There was an empire before the Church

The Church is defined by the nature of Christ and Christ’s kingdom, in the bible, is not of this world; he has no temporal authority so the Church cannot have temporal authority either

163
Q
  1. Briefly explain why, according to Aquinas, each angel belongs to a species of its own
A

Matter individuates you
What makes us different is that our matter is distinct

Angels have no matter, so each of them have to be totally unique categories/species

164
Q
  1. Briefly explain Duns Scotus’ doctrine of the formal distinction.
A

Real distinction: separable
Conceptual distinction: related to our ways of thinking; we draw a difference between things based on perception but they are the same thing (ex. morning star and evening star)
Formal distinction: No real separability; God’s mercy and justice cannot be separated; yet they are still different definitions of the same thing. Not a distinction invented by humans.

165
Q
  1. Briefly explain Aquinas’ view about the relationship between the body and the soul.
A

Platonic view: dualistic - what you are (substance) is a soul - your soul is the real you, your body is a temporary residence

Aquinas: what you are fundamentally is a soul and a body - you need both to be what you are - the body is in the soul - the body becomes unified only within the power of the soul -> as soon as you die your body falls apart

A soul without a body cannot experience things

The soul goes away without destruction after death - it’s waiting for a new body after the return of Christ - new body is different in that it is indestructible

166
Q
  1. Briefly explain Duns Scotus’ approach to the question of God’s infinity.
A

Infinity cannot be limited and defined

Fully realized intensity of a quality

167
Q
  1. Briefly explain what is meant by describing humans as a microcosm within the Great Chain of Being.
A

Chain of Being: lowest characteristic = existence
alive - motion - memory - imagination - rationality (humans)

Humans are a microcosm of the natural world because they have all possible qualities of the natural world in their natures

168
Q

Theological Virtues

A

What you need to achieve your union with God

Charity, faith, and hope

World Views (1 decks)

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