Midterm exams Flashcards
Racism
Prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism aimed at someone of a different race. This is based on someone thinking that their own race is superior.
Prejudice
Unsubstantiated (belief with no proof), negative pre-judgement of a person/group, usually based on ethnicity, religion, or race.
Discrimination
An action/decision that treats a person/group negatively due to things like their race, age, or disability.
Racialized persons
people, other than indigenous, who are not white in race or in colour
Racialization
a process where some societies construct races as different and unequal in ways that matter to economic, political, and social life
Racial profiling
any action taken for reasons of safety, security or public protection against a person based on stereotypes about their race, colour, ethnicity….instead of being based on reasonable suspicion.
What was the “60’s Scoop?”
The 60’s scoop happened between the 1960’s to the 1980’s. Up to 16,000 indigenous kids were ripped away from their families by child welfare workers and they were placed in non-indigenous families across Canada, U.S, and the UK.
What impact did the “60’s scoop” have on indigenous children?
Besides the loss of identity, this lead to addiction, mental health issues, and fractured lives.
System of tuberculosis sanitoriums and its effect on indigenous children
Back when TB was the leading cause of death in Canada (1867), anyone infected would be put into hospitals designed to isolate them from everyone else. This resulted in the loss of language for indigenous kids
What are the 3 main challenges that place indigenous women at risk at being victimized
1) Stereotypes held of them by Canadian society
2) The living arrangements such as household crowding
3) Unemployment
What is the Black Experience Project?
Made in Toronto for sheds light on issues in the lives of Black people in Canada. Issues being addressed are education, physical health, mental health, employment, and community safety (blacks being victimized by police)
Re-victimization
When someone has already gone through the trauma of the crime, but come to feel worse by the actions of criminal justice officials (ex. sexual assault victims being blamed)
How does racism, prejudice, and discrimination play their role in Canadian society
Often manifested in racial profiling, racialization of groups/individuals and not giving equal opportunities to people of minority groups
Policing
Incl. public and private police. Activities of an individual/organization acting LEGALLY on behalf of public/private organization/persons to MAINTAIN SECURITY OR SOCIAL ORDER while empowered by contract
Pluralization of policing
An extension of policing beyond the public police (parapolice and private security) but have limited powers of enforcement
The two perspectives of policing
1) Social contract perspective
2) The radical perspective
Social contract perpective
Views the police as a political NEUTRAL force that acts to enforce the law and protect the public and when they do use force against citizens, it is justified under the social contract vision of society.
The radical perspective
Views the police as used by the governments and powerful interests to suppress opposition, prevent protest, and maintain the status quo. Never politically neutral.
Political policing
secretive police investigative activities and surveillance of people/groups that were seen as a threat to the stability of the status quo of the state
Four Key values that the Law Commission of Canada identified to explain police work in Canadian society
1) Justice: maintain peace, security, fair treatment and human rights be respected
2) Equality: All citizens are entitled to police services
3) Accountability: Actions of PO are subject to review
4) Efficiency: policing services must be cost-effective
Police acts
the legislative framework for police service
Policing standards
provisions that set out how police services are to be maintained and delivered
Police boards and police commissions
Bodies that provides oversight of police
the 3 traditional views on police activities
1) Crime control
2) Order maintenance
3) Crime prevention and service
“The police role has become much more multifaceted in recent years, often referred to as _____”
diversification
“police services are being asked to address non-law enforcement issues. The police are required to fill gaps in service that are the responsibility of other agencies. This is known as _______”
downloading
Core policing
also known as quality of life policing which involves the police playing a multifaceted role in the community. (page 76)
Sir Robert Peel
He made the first full time police force in London in 1829 to increase fear of crime and disorder associated with the Industrial Revolution. Also introduced the concept of community police stations.
Where in Canada were the first police constables?
Quebec city in the mid-1600’s
Which 3 provinces in Canada have police services independent from the RCMP?
1) Quebec
2) Ontario
3) Parts of Newfoundland and Labrador
When was the RCMP founded and what was their purpose?
1) 1873
2) to maintain law and order to make sure that the places that were unpoliced have orderly settlement
Why has there been a decline in police officers recently?
Retirements and cutbacks in funding
4 levels of public policing in Canada
1) Federal
2) Provincial
3) Municipal
4) Indigenous
How many divisions does the RCMP have?
15
Royal Canadian Mounted Police Act
Federal legislation that gives the framework for the operation of the RCMP
Where in Canada is the training academy of the RCMP?
Regina, Saskatchewan
Contract policing
an agreement between the RCMP and the provinces/territories to provide provincial/municipal police services
Where are the two places in Canada that the RCMP does not contract with?
Quebec and Ontario
what are the 3 provincial police forces in Canada?
1) Ontario Provincial Police (OPP)
2) the sûreté du Québec (SQ)
3) Royal Newfoundland Constabulary (RNC)
Pros and cons of regional policing
Pros: more effective at providing full range of police services to communities and less expensive than having a number of independent municipal departments
Cons: the arrangement is too centralized and does not offer the opportunity for EFFECTIVE community policing
3 ways a municipality can provide police services
1) creating its own independent police service
2) joining another municipality
3) contracting with a provincial police force
6 divisions of major urban police services
1) Operational patrol
2) Investigative
3) Support services
4) Administrative
5) HR
6) Research and planning
2 kinds of private security
1) Security firms that sell their services to a variety of organizations
2) companies that employ their own in-house security officers
2 things that you need to have a career in policing
1) Basic qualifications: Canadian citizenship, at least 19, physical fitness, grade 12 education, and clean record
2) Preferred qualifications: Bilingual or knowing second culture, volunteer experience, postsecondary education, and work/life experience
Since there are high demands for police force to have more diversity in their staffing, police services have developed programs to attracts visible minorities. What program did the OPP make?
PEACE (Police Ethnic and Cultural Exchange)
Operational field training
teaching the recruits how to apply the principles that they learned in the training academy to the community.
Working personality of the police
The personality that develops as a consequence of the role and activities of police officers
Occupational stress injuries
Injuries, physical/mental that are a consequence of their experiences on the job
Principle of accountability
PO and PS are subject to review and there are formal channels where people can file complaints against the police
2 external boards of review that oversee the actions of the RCMP officers
1) External Review Committee (ERC): hears appeals from RCMP members who have been reported on
2) Civilian Review and Complaints Committee (CRCC): receives and reviews complaints made by citizens about the conduct of RCMP officers.
Discretion
the power/right to decide/act according to ones own judgement
Police officers use typifications and recipes for actions when they come in to contact with certain events and people. Define these two terms.
1) Typification: Constructs based on a PO’s experience that indicates what is typical about people and events that they routinely encounter
2) Recipes for action: The actions taken by PO in different kinds of encounter situations
Bias-free policing
an expectation of police to make their decisions based on reasonable suspicion and not on stereotypes about race, religion, ethnicity, gender, etc.
Racial profiling is the consequence of what 2 types of policing (define both as well)
1) Over-policing: a disproportionate police focus on a racialized population/neighbourhood
2) Pre-text policing: police stops for minor reasons that end up leading to more intrusive measures such as searching the car
Use of force is intended to
gain control and compliance
Force options approach and 5 options
Used in Canadian training. positive and professional in explaining why police use force from day to day
1) Officer presence: police being there can control the situation
2) Dialogue: verbal/non-verbal communication to control situation with voluntary compliance
3) Empty hands: physical force used to gain control
4) Compliance tools: equipment/weapons used to gain control
5) Lethal force: killing. ONLY option left.
One-plus-one
PO have the authority to use one higher level of force than that with which they are confronted
Less-lethal force option
a force option that is HIGHLY UNLIKELY to cause death/serious injury to an individual when PROPERLY APPLIED by a PO
Examples of less-lethal weapons
pepper spray, tear gas, and tasers
suicide by cop
victim is precipitator of incident. victim is mentally ill and suicidal, behaving in a way that forces the PO to use lethal force
Entrapment
A person committing a crime that they would not have done had it not been for the set up the police.
ex. a bait car with the keys in the ignition
Concerns with entrapment
that sometimes, law-abiding people could be tricked into committing a crime
Mr.Big technique
when a cop goes undercover as mr.big, a crime boss, and works to secure confessions from crime suspects
Concerns with the Mr.Big technique
it raises legal, moral and ethical issues. It can cause people to make false confessions and lead to the convictions of innocent people
Section 8 of the Charter protects all citizens against “unreasonable” search and seizure. SCC has 3 criteria for a search to be reasonable
1) must be authorized by law
2) the law itself must be reasonable
3) the manner (the way) in which the search was carried out must be reasonable
Search warrant
A document that permits the police to search a specific location and take items that might be evidence of a crime
4 situations that the SCC says warrants are required
1) secret recording of convos between state agents
2) video surveillance
3) perimeter searches of residential premises
4) tracking devices to monitor peoples movements
2 situations where search without a warrant is legal
1) While arresting a person
2) In an emergency situation
Arrest warrant
a document that permits a PO to arrest a specific person for a specific reason
3 situations where a PO can make an arrest without an arrest warrant
1) caught the person in the act of committing a crime
2) They have reasonable belief that the person has committed an offence
3) They have reasonable belief that the person is about to commit an offence
