Midterm Exam Review Flashcards
What is the first step of the scientific method?
Ask a question
What is the second step of the scientific method?
Conduct background research
What is the third step of the scientific method?
Form a hypothesis
What is the fourth step of the scientific method?
Conduct and design an experiment
What is the fifth step of the scientific method?
Analyze data
What is the sixth step of the scientific method?
Draw conclusions and communicate results
What is a well-substantiated explanation of an aspect of the natural world that can incorporate laws, hypotheses and facts?
A theory
What is an educated guess/inference as to what will happen in an experiment on the natural world?
A hypothesis
How do you calculate magnification?
Objective lense x 10
What specialized cell do cyanobacteria possess to fix nitrogen?
Heterocysts
How do cyanobacteria participate in a symbiotic relationship with plants?
Cyanobacteria gain protection, shelter, and food in the form of sugar
Plants gain nitrogen to perform photosynthesis
What is the first step of the gram staining process?
Heat fix the bacteria to the slide under flame for 3 swipes
What is the second step of the gram staining process?
Flood slide with crystal violet for 1 minute then rinse with D.I. water for 10 seconds
What is the third step of the gram staining process?
Flood slide with iodine for 1 minute then rinse with D.I. water for 10 seconds
What is the fourth step of the gram staining process?
Rinse slid with alcohol for 10 seconds then rinse with D.I. water for 10 seconds
What is the fifth step of the gram staining process?
Flood slide with safranin for 45 seconds then rinse with D.I. water for 10 seconds
Gram positive bacteria have a ______ peptidoglycan cell wall and appear _____ in color
Thick, purple
Gram negative bacteria have a ______ peptidoglycan cell wall and appear _____ in color
Thin, pink
Name the components of a gram positive bacterial cell wall?
Thick peptidoglycan, teichoic acids, cytoplasmic membrane
Name the components of a gram negative bacterial cell wall?
Outer membrane, thin peptidoglycan, lipopolysaccharides, cytoplasmic membrane, membrane proteins
Define attributes of prokaryotes
no nucleus, free floating DNA, very small, ribosomes, no membrane bound organelles
Define attributes of eukaryotes
DNA enclosed in nucleus, very large, membrane bound organelles
On a phylogenetic tree, which group contains all common ancestors and all descendants?
Monophyletic
On a phylogenetic tree, which group contains partial common ancestors and all descendants?
Polyphyletic
On a phylogenetic tree, which group contains all common ancestors and partial descendants?
Paraphyletic
What is the concept where species that are better suited for an environment will produce more offspring and pass on those alleles or traits?
Natural selection
What is the concept where there is a random change in the frequency of a gene variant, or allele, in a population over time?
Genetic drift
What is the type of evolution where species acquire enough distinct characteristics and become two separate species
Divergent evolution
What is the type of evolution where two unrelated species display similar homologies or occupy similar ecological niches?
Convergent evolution
What is unique about supergroup excavata?
They have a excavated feeding groove from the cell surface.
What makes excavata flexible?
Protein ribbons
Trypanosoma’s are kinetoplastid excavata protists, what helps them swim?
Undulating membrane, composed of the flagella and the cell wall
Is euglena from the excavata supergroup photosynthetic?
Yes
Stamenopila are a group of protists who swim using what?
Straw-like harline projections on the surface of their flagella
Why are diatoms, a member of the stramenopila supergroup so important?
The provide an estimated 25% of all organic carbon fixation on the planet and are a source of atmospheric oxygen.
What are diatoms cell wall composed of?
Silicone dioxide
The alveolata supergroup contain what kinds of sacs?
Air filled sacs hypothesized to be used for ion transport
Dinoflagellates are members of alveolata and use what as armor?
Cellulose plates
Dinoflagellates are import in what ecological roles?
As endosymbionts of coral and red tide
What is a directional behavior and response to a stimulus?
Taxis
Does a paramecium sp. exhibit taxis?
Yes
Why are rhizaria important
They transport carbon from the surface of the ocean to the ocean floor
How do rhizaria move?
Pseudopodia
Unikota supergroup contains amoeba sp., how does amoeba sp. move?
Pseudopodia and cytoplasmic streaming
How are seaweeds primary producers?
They photosynthesize and produce sugar, seaweed is used as a habitat and food source for various marine creatures
If a plant has a root system, stems, leaves, is well defined, and very large, how would you classify it?
Vascular
How would we know if a plant is not vascular?
It lacks root systems, or fruit, seeds, etc.
What is a sprophyte?
Diploid, multicellular, spore producing, adults organism
What is a gametophyte?
Haploid phase of plant development where it developes into a sporophyte
What is the dominant generation sporophyte or gametophyte?
Sporophyte
