Midterm exam review Flashcards
definition of argumentation
Argumentation is the act of advancing an argument and responding to others as an exchange of ideas and is a cooperative idea. general population says that its a more aggressive act.
3 functions of argumentations( you have to explain them on test)
- to persuade
- to inform
3.to research/discover arguments
Why should we study argumentation? Make connections to democracy and pluralistic societies.
Argumentation, or the ability to argue a point and exchange ideas, is a necessary and essential part of any democratic society. In a democratic society, freedom of speech, or more the freedom to argue your opinions through speech, are used in everything. From politics to just day to day conversations arguing for others, for yourself, and for your beliefs is what runs these societies.
argumentation vs. assertion
Argumentation is a point supported by evidence and has a clear explanation that ties them together, while assertion is a much more aggressive, less thoughtful argument. One driven more by a want to be heard rather than having evidence.
Reason:
a statement advanced for the purpose of establishing a claim.
conclusion
a claim that has been carried at by a process of reasoning.
connective
reasons that consist of beliefs values assumptions or generalizations that link evidence to a conclusion.
proposition of fact
statements( in the conclusion) that report, describe, predict, or make causal claims.
proposition of value
statements( in the conclusion) that advance judgements about morality, beauty, Marit or wisdom.
proposition of policy
statements ( in the conclusion) that urge an action to be taken or continued.
indicators for a conclusion
“Therefore” “thus” “in conclusion” “hence”
Indicators for reasons
“since” “because” “following evidence shows”
Cues
Words or phrases that signal something other than a reason or conclusion about the content of an argument.
expert testimony
A testimony given by a person who has some kind of expertise or experience in the area being discussed
Lay testimony
Testimony given by a witness or a person indirectly affected
Biased, unbiased, reluctant testimony
Biased- a testimony given by a person who stands to gain something from it
unbiased- testimony given by a person who stands to lose or gain nothing
reluctant- testimony given by a person who stands to lose something from it
Concurrent vs Independent testimony
Concurrent- testimony that aligns with one or more other testimony (testimonies given by more than one person)
independent- testimony given by only one person
