Midterm Exam Prep

Question 1

P.I.C.O.

Answer 1

Population
Intervention
Comparison
Outcome

Question 2

Postpositivism

Answer 2

Scientific Method, Quantitative research design

‘Absolute truth of knowledge’

Question 3

Constructivism

Answer 3

Qualitative research design, ‘World is more complex than objective facts’

Question 4

Pragmatism

Answer 4

Mixed methods research design, Blend of Objective and subjective

Question 5

Transformative

Answer 5

Qualitative and mixed methods designs. Research and politics used to produce a social change. Always an action agenda

Question 6

Quantitative

Answer 6

Close-ended data, True experiments can include Quasi-experiments, single subject, and applied behavior analysis

Question 7

Qualitative

Answer 7

Open ended data. case study, ethnography

Question 8

Mixed Methods

Answer 8

Quantitative and Qualitative aspects. Qualitative is open ended data Quantitative is more closed ended data.

Question 9

Mixed Methods

Answer 9

Quantitative and Qualitative aspects. Qualitative is open ended data Quantitative is more closed ended data.

Question 10

Levels of evidence L.1

Answer 10

Systematic review of random control trials

Question 11

Levels of evidence L.2

Answer 11

Systematic review of cohort studies

Question 12

Levels of evidence L.3

Answer 12

Systematic review of Case Control studies

Question 13

Levels of evidence L.4

Answer 13

Case Series and case control studies

Question 14

Levels of evidence L.5

Answer 14

Expert opinion without explicit critical appraisal

Question 15

Systematic review of random control trials

Answer 15

Internal validity due to randomization, little bias

Question 16

Systematic review of cohort studies

Answer 16

Subjects identified prior to outcome, little bias

Question 17

Systematic review of Case Control studies

Answer 17

Bias can be present, subjects pre selected,

Question 18

Case Series and case control studies

Answer 18

No inter group comparisons, findings only applicable to study group

Question 19

Expert opinion without explicit critical appraisal

Answer 19

Lowest level of evidence, although opinions are held in high regard.

Question 20

Narrative review

Answer 20

review of similar topics, may lack organization, not systematic. Weak inc/excl criteria

Question 21

Systematic review

Answer 21

Methods/analysis are specified at similar levels of evidence. Strong inc/excl criteria

Question 22

Meta-analysis

Answer 22

Systematic review concluding with an overall effectiveness statistic. Quantitative.

Question 23

Meta-synthesis

Answer 23

Systematic review of qualitative studies.

Question 24

Significant statistical numbers

Answer 24

95% p value of 5%

Question 25

9 Intellectual standards to minimize bias

Answer 25

Clarity
Accuracy
Precision
Relevance
Depth
Breadth
Logic
Significance
Fairness

Question 26

WISE

Answer 26

Wonder: What challenges and problems have you experienced?
Investigate: Build an understanding of your problems and issues.
Speculate: Put a plan into action
Evaluate: Reflect on the effectiveness of the plan.