Midterm Exam Prep Flashcards
P.I.C.O.
Population
Intervention
Comparison
Outcome
Postpositivism
Scientific Method, Quantitative research design
‘Absolute truth of knowledge’
Constructivism
Qualitative research design, ‘World is more complex than objective facts’
Pragmatism
Mixed methods research design, Blend of Objective and subjective
Transformative
Qualitative and mixed methods designs. Research and politics used to produce a social change. Always an action agenda
Quantitative
Close-ended data, True experiments can include Quasi-experiments, single subject, and applied behavior analysis
Qualitative
Open ended data. case study, ethnography
Mixed Methods
Quantitative and Qualitative aspects. Qualitative is open ended data Quantitative is more closed ended data.
Mixed Methods
Quantitative and Qualitative aspects. Qualitative is open ended data Quantitative is more closed ended data.
Levels of evidence L.1
Systematic review of random control trials
Levels of evidence L.2
Systematic review of cohort studies
Levels of evidence L.3
Systematic review of Case Control studies
Levels of evidence L.4
Case Series and case control studies
Levels of evidence L.5
Expert opinion without explicit critical appraisal
Systematic review of random control trials
Internal validity due to randomization, little bias
Systematic review of cohort studies
Subjects identified prior to outcome, little bias
Systematic review of Case Control studies
Bias can be present, subjects pre selected,
Case Series and case control studies
No inter group comparisons, findings only applicable to study group
Expert opinion without explicit critical appraisal
Lowest level of evidence, although opinions are held in high regard.
Narrative review
review of similar topics, may lack organization, not systematic. Weak inc/excl criteria
Systematic review
Methods/analysis are specified at similar levels of evidence. Strong inc/excl criteria
Meta-analysis
Systematic review concluding with an overall effectiveness statistic. Quantitative.
Meta-synthesis
Systematic review of qualitative studies.
Significant statistical numbers
95% p value of 5%
9 Intellectual standards to minimize bias
Clarity Accuracy Precision Relevance Depth Breadth Logic Significance Fairness
WISE
Wonder: What challenges and problems have you experienced?
Investigate: Build an understanding of your problems and issues.
Speculate: Put a plan into action
Evaluate: Reflect on the effectiveness of the plan.
