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Rel 2501 > Midterm Exam (Part I - Voc) > Flashcards

Midterm Exam (Part I - Voc) Flashcards

1
Q

ch 1

Patristics?

A
  • the study of early Christianity
    i.e. the study of the “church fathers”
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2
Q

Orthodoxy?

A

“right belief”
- for us, the normative (or claiming to be normative) doctrine and practice of Christianity

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3
Q

Heresy?

A

“choice”
- non-normative (or constructed as non-normative) doctrine or practice within Christianity

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4
Q

Supersession

A

or “replacement theology”
- view that the new covenant through Jesus Christ replaces the Mosaic covenant
- often results (for us) in the marginalization of the Old Testament and Jews.

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5
Q

OT based on? includes?

A

Old Testament based largely on the Hebrew Bible; includes the Torah, historical books, Wisdom books, and prophets; differs slightly among Christian denominations.

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6
Q

NT suggests? includes?

A

New Testament suggests completion or fulfillment of the old covenant; largely consistent collection of Gosepls, Acts, Epistles, and Revelation.

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7
Q

The Pentateuch is?

A

The Pentateuch (or Torah)- sometimes given as “law,” “guidance”.
The five books of Moses (Torah): Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy, which comes into existence over time, no later than the 5th century BCE

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8
Q

Paganism?

A

for our purposes, any religion of the ancient Mediterranean that is not Judaism or Christianity

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9
Q

ch 2

Gospel also means?

A

“Good news”

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10
Q

List Evangelists and their symbols

A

Matthew: a man
Mark: a lion
Luke: an ox or bull
John: an eagle

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11
Q

Synoptic Gospels? Which is the earliest?

A

i.e. the much-overlapping Matthew, Mark, and Luke.
General consensus:
- Mark the earliest
- Matthew and Luke add material from another source, denoted “Q”

(however! St. Augustine (and others) maintain Matthew was the earliest)

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12
Q

Christology?

A

Oxford: “The study of the Person of Christ, and in particular of the union in Him of the divine and human natures, and of His significance for Christian faith”

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13
Q

Parable?

A

a simple story used to illustrate a moral or spiritual lesson, as told by Jesus in the Gospels.
i.e. a comparison; from proverbs/metaphors —–> elaborate allegories
e.g. the Prodigal Son, Good Samaritan, etc.

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14
Q

Messiah vs Christ translation from Hebrew

A

(māšîaḥ), lit. ‘anointed’
χριστός (from χρίω, ‘anoint’)
- various prophecies about unification of peoples of Israel, rebuilding of Temple, etc.
- descended from King David

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15
Q

Evidence of Christianity based on? Problems of Evidence?

A

Evidence:
- Gospels
- Acts of the Apostles
- Letters of Paul (and others)

Problems: no central control, status of Christianity within Judaism

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16
Q

Epistles of Paul? Epistle from Latin means?

A
  • epistle from Lat. epistula, “letter”
  • to established communities (not always founded by him)
  • formulaic, dictated to Tertius
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17
Q

Classifications of Humanity (races, Christians?)

A
  • Greek & Barbarian
  • the Jew & the Greek
  • eventually, Christians as a “third” race: neither Jew nor Greek
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18
Q

Doxology meaning?

A

The word comes from the Greek doxologia, “praise or glory,”
definitions - a hymn or verse in Christian liturgy glorifying God; Oxford: An ascription of glory (Gk.δόξα) to the Persons of the Holy Trinity; esp. liturgical

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19
Q

ch. 3

Define Codex

A

This was a new technology for writing books, based on wax writing-tablets.
- it’s made up of quires: a sheet folded into 4, giving 8 pages, where you can write on both sides, paging back and forth

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20
Q

Define Palimpsest

A
  • From πάλιν ‘again,’ and ψηστός ‘rubbed smooth,’ a manuscript in which a later writing is superimposed on an effaced (erased) earlier writing (In other words we scrape off the ink and write a new manuscript)
  • But this can make it challenging to decipher text.
    a) New technologies have made it much easier to do this, so it is less of a problem now.
  • Famously, Augustine’s commentary on the psalms was written over Cicero’s de re publica
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21
Q

Palaeography?

A
  • from Gk. παλαιός, “old” and γραφή, “writing” (study of old writing).
  • study of texts and the hands in which they are written.
  • used to find date and region of production.
22
Q

Gnosis? Who coined its term?

A

Henry Moore coins term “Gnosticism” in 1669;
from Greek means “knowledge” - i.e. a special knowledge of origin and destiny that can help souls obtain salvation.
- Gnosticism is very neo-Platonist. This is not Plato and Socrates, it is popular in many circles with a Christian influence.

23
Q

Iranaeus of Lyon connection to Gnosticism?

A

Iranaeus of Lyon, 180s:

  • Accuses Gnostics of heresy because of extra gospels.
  • He said every false gnosis originated from Simon Magus.
24
Q

define Docetism?

A

belief that Jesus only appeared to be human (meaning Jesus’ body was either absent or illusory);
only spiritual, not incarnate (without flesh);
no fixed appearance

24
Q

ch. 4

Hypogeum?

A

lit. “underground” tombs; Hypo from Greek means ‘under’.
e.g. a scan of the Etrusco-Roman tomb, dated 3rd cent. BCE

25
Q

Columbarium?

A

lit. “dovecote”;
a) niches for burial urns;
b) large imperial family burial sites;
(Columba is a dove; dovecote or dovehouse)
c) Looks like walls in “Halls of Faces”

26
Q

Inhumation?

A

Inhumation —> Whole body burial
a) Based on belief of bodily resurrection.
b) In line with Jewish Practice.
c) Lack of Grave Goods —> generally only clothed in a shroud.
d) Sometimes buried in a wooden coffin.

27
Q

Catacomb? How many? When stopped used?

A

Underground passages and rooms where bodies were buried in the past; underneath the church
a) Large and well documented.
b) Fall of use by 4th-6th centuries (but continue to be visited).
c) At least 6 known Jewish catacombs.
d) Probably not exclusive by faith.

28
Q

Loculi + Cubicula

A

a) Loculus —> “Little Place” (Grave Shelf)
b) Cubiculus —> Larger “Bedroom”

29
Q

What are the kinds of decoration?

A
  • gold glass
  • frescoes
  • ceramic lamps
30
Q

Sarcophagi?

A

stone entombment (coffin)
a) Include Christian/ Pagan visual motifs.
b) Not exclusively Christian.

31
Q

What constitutes a family?

A
  • household, family you live with;
  • kinship groups (blood relationship)
  • fictive kinships (chosen family)
32
Q

Ekklesia?

A

Greek word for political assemblies.
—> Later becomes the word for the assembly of believers.
- lit. “the called out”; later personified as a crowned women.

33
Q

Apostates?

A
  • a person who renounces (rejects) a religious or political belief or principle, from Greek means ‘deserter, rebel, runaway slave’;
  • conversion is not a one way street;
  • some people leave the church;
34
Q

ch. 5

Apologia? E.g.?

A
  • ἀπολογία, legal speech of defense;
  • usually modeled on Socrates’ so-called defense speech in the accounts of Plato and Xenophon;
  • autobiography dominates;
    —> not purely a legal defense
35
Q

Christian apologetics?

A

a) Condemnation of idolatry —> Idol worship (pagan)
b) Exhortation to the faith;
c) Ex: Paul, Justin Martyr, Tatian, Minucius Felix
- from Tertullian’s Apologeticus.

36
Q

Homiletics & Homily?

A

Homiletics:
- Gk. ὁμιλία, converse, company, instruction
- Lat. sermo, gossip, chat

Homily:
- widely available to us (in published form);
- draws on rhetorical training (speech & writing with influence);
- documentation of liturgical practice.

37
Q

Greco-Roman Prayer: As offering -> Hymn vs Solemn

A
  • Hymns are often sung in Churches.
  • Difference between hymns and solemns:

a) Hymns are more fun.
b) Solemns are more so serious, but they are also sung.

38
Q

ch. 6

Mob violence?

A
  • Mob violence (non-state sponsored violence): Accusations building over time of various kinds, and an “othering” (making them not part of a group) of Christians within communities and cities across the Empire, so Christians sometimes separate. This would sometimes blow up into violence: 177 Vienne and Lyons (Blandina, Ponticus, Bishop Pothinus), 40-50 dead total.
39
Q

Libellus?

A
  • “little book”
  • a chit recording your sacrifice to the gods of Rome
40
Q

Tetrarchy?

A

from Gk. τετραρχία: “leadership of four people”.

41
Q

Incubation? Burial ad sanctos?

A
  • Incubation: sleep in a sanctuary for oracle (advice & prophecy) or healing.
  • Burial ad sanctos: burial near the tombs of saints.
42
Q

Martyr: vita, passio, acta?

A
  • Martyr from Gk. μάρτυς/μάρτυρος, witness;
  • known to us through:
    a) vita: life;
    b) passio: suffering, modelled on Jesus’ in the gospels;
    c) acta: miracles, usually, while alive or posthumously.
43
Q

Martyrologies & Hagiographies?

A
  • Hagiographies comes from the Greek meaning: holy writing.
  • Martyrology: the branch of history or literature that deals with the lives of martyrs.
  • Often these writings end up being reasonably ludicrous and absurd.
  • Sometimes they are precisely historical and concisely factual.
44
Q

Who’s the 1-st martyr and what he’s known for? Earliest martyrdom account after Acts?

A

Stephen: d. 34
- the first martyr
- according to Acts, stoned for blasphemy

Polycarp:
- 69-155
- Converted by John the Evangelist
- Bishop of Smyrna
- One of the earliest martyrdom accounts after Acts.

45
Q

List other martyrs you know? Patronus?

A

1) Perpetua
- c. 190- c. 203
- young noblewoman of Carthage, married and with a child;
- her prison diary remains to us;
- one of the few pieces of literature composed by a woman during this period;
- remarkable scene where her and her comrades are brought to the amphitheater naked and then they are sent back to be clothed to be properly martyred;

2) Paulinus and St. Felix
- d. c. 250
- possibly only a confessor
- hidden by a spider
- personal relationship of Paulinus with Felix
- saint of wild animals and spiders

3) Patronus (patron saint)
- In Rome, a man who gave assistance or protection;
- An “invisible companion”? Angels?
- Eventually.. patron saints

46
Q

ch. 7

Models of Authority?

A

Models of Authority:
1) Pauline - holy Spirit gives you hierarchical power (you’re selected);
2) Jerusalem - established priesthood, Christianity just kinda slides into traditional Jewish hierarchy;
Everyone eventually ends up with an established priesthood.

47
Q

Make the order of Cursus Honorum (hierarchy progression) in the church from least to highest power.

A

lector —> subdeacon —> deacon —> presbyter —> bishop

48
Q

Clergy vs Laity?

A

1) Laity from Gk. “people” - non-priests (normal people);
a) Word root —> lay (greek –> people)
b) You’re just the regular old Christians, but possibly servants of the church.

2) Clergy from root word “cleric” - possibly they have received the Holy Spirit as their portion.

3) Early Church —> Less rigid, more spectral distinction between Laity + Clergy

49
Q

Ecumenical Counsils? Their purpose?

A

from Gk. οἰκουμένη, “inhabited world”, attempts to find consensus, or allow local control.
Priesthood and Bishop: main role to attend ecumenical councils.
Ecumenical meaning of the period: inhabited world (Mediterranean).
Purpose of councils:
* to bring bishops from Christendom to agree on things about the church, i.e. discussion of doctrinal matters (determination of heresies)
* rules and hierarchies (calendar), Easter (initially coincided with Passover)
* Creeds (what you believe how do you express this belief).

50
Q

Papacy title?

A
  • Pope is not an official title (from papa)
  • Bishop of Rome and some other official titles
  • Unbroken line and special appeal back to St. Peter as the apostolic line

Rel 2501 (9 decks)

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