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analytical chemistry > midterm exam coverage > Flashcards

midterm exam coverage Flashcards

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1
Q

it is the equilibrium constant for a solid substance dissolving in an aqueous solution

A

solubility product constant (Ksp)

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2
Q

it is the concentration of solute in a saturated aqueous solution

A

molar solubility

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3
Q

if an external stress is applied to a system at equilibrium, the system adjusts in such a way that the stress is partially offset as the system reaches a new equilibrium position

A

le chatelier’s principle

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4
Q

change in equilibrium: increase concentration of products

A

shift to left

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5
Q

change in equilibrium: decrease concentration of products

A

shift to right

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6
Q

change in equilibrium: increase concentration of reactants

A

shifts to right

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7
Q

change in equilibrium: decrease concentration of reactants

A

shifts to left

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8
Q

change: increase in pressure

A

side with fewest moles of gas

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9
Q

change: decrease pressure

A

side with most moles of gas

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10
Q

change: decrease volume

A

side with fewest moles of gas

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11
Q

change: increase volume

A

side with most moles of gas

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12
Q

used to judge the quality of experimental measurements

A

statistical calculations

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13
Q

indicates the closeness of the measurement to its true or accepted value

A

accuracy

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14
Q

describes the reproducibility of measurements or the closeness of the results

A

precision

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15
Q

causes data to be scattered more or less symmetrically around a mean value

A

random error / indeterminate

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16
Q

causes the mean of a set of data to differ from the accepted value

A

systematic / determinate error

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17
Q

this error occasionally occurs, is often large, and may cause a result to be either high or low.

it also leads to outliers, results that appear different from the data set

A

gross error

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18
Q

systematic error: caused by imperfections in measuring devices and instabilities in their components

A

instrument error

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19
Q

systematic error: nonideal chemical or physical behavior of the reagents and reactions upon which analysis is based

A

method error

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20
Q

systematic error: measurements requiring personal judgment (personal limitations).

A

personal error

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21
Q

systematic errors can be either?

A

constant errors
proportional errors

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22
Q

type of systematic error: independent of the size of the sample being analyzed

A

constant errors

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23
Q

type of systematic error: increased or decreased in proportion to the size of the sample.

A

proportional errors

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24
Q

what are the 3 ways to detect systematic errors?

A
  1. Analysis of reference standards
  2. Analysis of the blank samples
  3. Varying the sample size
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25
Q

what is denoted by s

A

standard deviation

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26
Q

the absolute value of the coefficient of variation

A

relative standard deviation

27
Q

the measure of the relative dispersion of data points in a data series around the mean

A

coefficient of variation

28
Q

describe the precision of a set of replicate results.

it is the difference between the largest value in the set and the smallest.

A

spread / range (w)

29
Q

an expression of the uncertainty of a measurement expressed in plus-or-minus the last digit

A

absolute uncertainty

30
Q

ratio of the absolute uncertainty in a measurement to the value of the measurement. It can be expressed in pph, ppt or ppm

A

relative uncertainty

31
Q

the variance of a sum or difference is equal to the sum of the individual variances, which demonstrates how the errors propagate

A

propagation of errors

32
Q

the weighted average of standard deviations for 2 or more groups

commonly used in t-tests and ANOVA

it can be used to calculate repeatability and within-lab reproducibility

A

pooled standard deviation

33
Q

a numerical interval around an experimentally determined mean that contains μ with a certain degree of probability

can be determined by the normal distribution curve

A

confidence level

34
Q

what is the numerical magnitude of the confidence limit?

A

confidence interval

35
Q

what is the probability of a result outside the confidence interval?

A

significance level

36
Q

a measurement that is not consistent with the other set of measurements

A

outlier

37
Q

One of the most common significance tests for identifying an outlier

Use if there are no known reasons for an outlier data point

A

dixon’s Q test

38
Q

Qexp in Q test stands for?

A

test statistic

39
Q

Xi in Q test represents?

A

measure of a potential outlier

40
Q

Q Test Hypothesis Testing

there are no outliers present in the data

A

null hypothesis

Ho

41
Q

Q Test Hypothesis Testing

there is an outlier present in the data

A

alternative hypothesis

Ha

42
Q

Q Test Hypothesis Testing

if Qexp > Qcrit

A

reject Ho, accept Ha

meaning, may outlier na present talaga

43
Q

Q Test Hypothesis Testing

if Qexp < Qcrit

A

fail to reject Ho

meaning, walang outlier

44
Q

steps to determine if there is an outlier using Q test

A
  1. state the null and alternative hypothesis
  2. identify the test and the test statistic to be used
  3. state the decision rule based on the rejection region
  4. compute the Qexp based on the given values
  5. apply the decision rule and make a decision
  6. interpret the results based on the decision and make a conclusion
45
Q

recommended by the International Standards Organization (ISO) and the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)

use to check suspected outliers in a normally distributed data

A

grubb’s test

46
Q

Gexp stands for?

A

the test statistic

47
Q

Grubb’s Test Hypothesis Testing

if Gexp > Gcrit?

A

then reject Ho, accept Ha

meaning, may outlier

48
Q

Grubb’s Test Hypothesis Testing

if Gexp < Gcrit?

A

then fail to reject Ha

walang outlier

49
Q

steps to use grubb’s test

A
  1. state the null and alternative hypothesis
  2. identify the test and the test statistic to be used
  3. state the decision rule based on the rejection region
  4. compute the mean, standard deviation, Gexp based on the given values
  5. apply the decision rule and make a decision
  6. interpret the results based on the decision and make a conclusion
50
Q

accounts for the variability given by the sample standard
deviation/s

used in determining significant difference in means of smaller samples

A

T-statistic / T-Test

51
Q

2 types of t-test

A

unpaired and paired samples

52
Q

T-Test Hypothesis Testing

there is no significant difference between the means

for unpaired samples

A

null hypothesis

Ho

53
Q

T-Test Hypothesis Testing

2 types of alternative hypothesis

A

one-tailed
two-tailed

54
Q

T-Test Hypothesis Testing

u1 ≠ u2; there is a significant difference between the mean

A

two-tailed

Ha

55
Q

T-Test Hypothesis Testing

u1 > u2; there is a significant difference between the means, the mean of the 1st data set is greater than the mean of the 2nd data set

A

one-tailed

56
Q

T-Test Hypothesis Testing

u1 < u2 in an alternative hypothesis means that…

A

there is a significant difference between the means, the mean of the 1st data set is less than the mean of the 2nd data se

57
Q

critical values for tcrit based on ____ degrees of freedom

A

N - 2

58
Q

steps in using t-test for unpaired samples

A
  1. state the null and alternative hypothesis
  2. identify the test and the test statistic to be used
  3. state the decision rule based on the rejection region
  4. solve for the test statistic, t based on the given values
  5. apply the decision rule and make a decision
  6. interpret the results based on the decision and make a conclusion
59
Q

it is for two samples with data sets that are collected in the same manner and can be matched with one another

A

t-test paired samples

60
Q

T-Test Hypothesis Testing (Paired)

ud = △0; there is no significant mean difference between pairs

A

null hypothesis

Ho

61
Q

T-Test for Paired Alternative Hypothesis (Ha)

ud ≠ △0

There is a significant mean difference between pairs

A

two-tailed

62
Q

T-Test for Paired Ha

ud > △0

one-tailed

A

The mean significant difference between pairs is greater than zero

63
Q

T-Test for Paired Ha

ud < △0

one-tailed

A

The mean significant difference between pairs is less than zero

64
Q

steps to use t-test

A
  1. state the null and alternative hypothesis
  2. identify the test and the test statistic to be used
  3. state the decision rule based on the rejection region
  4. solve for the test statistic and t based on the given values
  5. apply the decision rule and make a decision
  6. interpret the results based on the decision and make a conclusion

analytical chemistry (1 decks)

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