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Worldview Seminar > Midterm Exam (Christian Theism through Islamic Theism) > Flashcards

Midterm Exam (Christian Theism through Islamic Theism) Flashcards

1
Q

Historical Flow (1600-1800)

A

Christian Theism > Deism > Naturalism (secular humanism, also) > Nihilism

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2
Q

Responses to Nihilism (1880-present)

A

Existentialism > Eastern Pantheism (in the Western world) > New Age > Postmodernism

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3
Q

Christian Theism - Prime Reality

A

God: infinite, omnipotent, omnipresent, omniscient, personal, triune, good

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4
Q

Christian Theism - External Reality

A

Created, open system, cause and effect

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5
Q

Christian Theism - Humans

A

Created in the image of God; capacity for intelligence, morality, creativity
Responsible to God, fallen and redeemable

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6
Q

Christian Theism - Death

A

Life/separation with/from God
(Heaven and Hell)

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7
Q

Christian Theism - Knowledge

A

God-given capacity for knowledge as an image-bearer
General revelation: God speaks through created order of univers
Special revelation: extranatural events (e.g. burning bush) and scripture

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8
Q

Christian Theism - Morality

A

God is source of moral world, Jesus is an example of goodness as the “second Adam”

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9
Q

Christian Theism - History

A

Fulfillment of God’s purposes for humanity

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10
Q

Christian Theism - Core Commitments

A

Seek first the kingdom of God (glorify and enjoy Him), reveal His character through ourselves

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11
Q

Deism - Prime Reality

A

God: infinite personal (warm) or impersonal (cold), first cause, clockmaker

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12
Q

Deism - External Reality

A

Closed system, cause and effect

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13
Q

Deism - Humans

A

Personal but part of the clockwork, not based on God’s image or character
Can make changes (though this does not make sense with closed system)

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14
Q

Deism - Death

A

Afterlife exists (warm), or does not exist (cold)

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15
Q

Deism - Knowledge

A

Enlightenment Era: Reason
We can understand God through nature and the sciences, but not through scripture

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16
Q

Deism - Morality

A

“Whatever is, is right” - Alexander Pope
Reason allows us to determine ethics

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17
Q

Deism - History

A

Linear, determined at creation, understood through Reason, generally advances toward a good society
Jewish history dismissed as legend (ex. The Jefferson Bible)

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18
Q

Deism - Core Commitments

A

Use human reason to promote human flourishing

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19
Q

Naturalism - Prime Reality

A

God does not exist; matter exists eternally

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20
Q

Naturalism - External Reality

A

Cause and effect in closed system, universe comprised solely of matter

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21
Q

Existentialism - Humans

A

Autonomous, complex machines
Personality is a combination of chemical and physical properties that we do not yet fully understand

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22
Q

Naturalism - Death

A

Extinction of human person (no afterlife)

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23
Q

Naturalism - Knowledge

A

We developed this skill through evolution; no special revelation, we use Reason

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24
Q

Naturalism - Morality

A

Individual and social construct, stems from human need and interest, based on human survival and the good of the many

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25
Q

Naturalism - History

A

Construct; it only has meaning if we give it meaning
We are part of evolution, but not its goal

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26
Q

Naturalism - Core Commitments

A

Individuals decide for themselves what they will value
Often Naturalists do community service

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27
Q

Naturalism - Secular Humanism (overview)

A

Places emphasis on the special-ness of humans, people are inherently good

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28
Q

Naturalism - Marxism (overview)

A

Meant to benefit working class and give them economic control

Division of labor leads to exploitation, leading to social classes

The revolt of the proletariat (working class) leads to abolishment of social classes and equality of assets

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29
Q

Moralistic Therapeutic Deism - Prime Reality

A

God: vaguely personal, benefactor, Creator, arranges things to make us happy

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30
Q

Moralistic Therapeutic Deism - External Reality

A

God’s orderly creation, open to human understanding through science

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31
Q

Moralistic Therapeutic Deism - Humans

A

Created by God to be happy and nice
People can choose their own beliefs

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32
Q

Moralistic Therapeutic Deism - Death

A

Good people go to heaven, and almost everyone is good (yay!)

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33
Q

Moralistic Therapeutic Deism - Knowledge

A

God made us to think, science helps us, scripture can be special revelation (but it is not authoritative)

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34
Q

Moralistic Therapeutic Deism - Morality

A

God wants us to be nice and get along with others (no requirement for righteousness)

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35
Q

Moralistic Therapeutic Deism - History

A

The focus is on the present (the past and future don’t matter that much)

36
Q

Moralistic Therapeutic Deism - Core Commitments

A

To be happy

37
Q

Nihilism (overview)

A

Negation of everything (knowledge, morality, beauty, reality)

Loss of meaning

You cannot trust even your own thinking

Existence is without meaning or purpose

38
Q

Atheistic Existentialism - Prime Reality

A

No God, matter exists eternally,

39
Q

Atheistic Existentialism - External Reality

A

Matter, Cosmos are in normal (not fallen) state
Objective world: material, cause and effect, without purpose
Subjective world: mind, consciousness, freedom, stability within oneself

40
Q

Atheistic Existentialism - Humans

A

Complex machines, people determine who they are, value is found within oneself

41
Q

Atheistic Existentialism - Morality

A

Uniquely human, the authentic person must revolt against the absurdity of the world and create their own value

“We can never choose evil. We always choose the good.” - Satre

There however is a recognizable center of subjectivity in the community

42
Q

Atheistic Existentialism - Death

A

Extinction of personhood, considered the enemy, we must struggle against it

43
Q

Atheistic Existentialism - Knowledge

A

Through reason

44
Q

Atheistic Existentialism - Core Commitments

A

Commitment is to yourself (prone to solipsism)

Attempt to be a “saint without God” - Albert Camus, The Plague

45
Q

Theistic Existentialism - Prime Reality

A

God is triune, personal, and Creator (“neo-orthodoxy”)

46
Q

Theistic Existentialism - External Reality

A

Humanity experienced the Fall, cosmos are created, objective world clashes with subjective world

47
Q

Theistic Existentialism - Humans and Knowledge

A

Our own self-reflection of our place in the absurdity of the world leads us to “love that which we cannot understand,” making us reliant on faith for knowledge

48
Q

Theistic Existentialism - Death

A

Heaven and Hell

49
Q

Theistic Existentialism - Morality

A

The personal is the valuable

Emphasizes disunity between the objective and subjective worlds

“I/It” (objective) and “I/Thou” (subjective) - Martin Buber

50
Q

Theistic Existentialism - Knowledge

A

Knowledge is subjective and reliant on faith, the whole truth is paradoxical

51
Q

Theistic Existentialism - Core Commitments

A

Focus: human nature and relationship to cosmos (not relationship to God as much)

52
Q

Theistic Existentialism - History

A

Not a record of events, but a model/myth to be made present and passionately lived

Jesus’ death and resurrection became a symbol of “new life” of human sacrifice and serving others

53
Q

Eastern Pantheistic Monism - Prime Reality

A

“Atman is Brahman”: the soul of each person is the soul of the cosmos (from Hindu Upanishads)

Anything that does not appear to be God is an illusion (maya)

Oneness gives us reality, not separation or uniqueness

Oneness surpasses space and time, good and evil, and illusion and reality

54
Q

Monism definition

A

One impersonal element is reality

55
Q

Eastern Pantheistic Monism - External Reality

A

Material world is “maya” (an illusion)

56
Q

Eastern Pantheistic Monism - Humans

A

A spark of the divine, capable of being reunited with ultimate reality

57
Q

Eastern Pantheistic Monism - Death

A

End of personality, but Atman (the soul) is indestructible and it is the only valuable component of a person

Reincarnation based on the way one has lived their previous life

58
Q

Eastern Pantheistic Monism - Knowledge

A

Knowledge is part of external reality (maya), but being part of ultimate reality does not impart knowledge either

59
Q

Eastern Pantheistic Monism - Morality

A

No distinction between good and evil

60
Q

Eastern Pantheistic Monism - History

A

Time is maya, history is cyclical, the goal is to transcend history

61
Q

Eastern Pantheistic Monism - Core Commitments

A

Elimination of desire is necessary to achieve oneness

Buddhism has the eightfold path:
1. Right view
2. Right intention
3. Right speech
4. Right action
5. Right livelihood
6. Right effort
7. Right mindfulness
8. Right consciousness

62
Q

Differences between Hinduism and Buddhism

A

Monism:
- Hinduism: Prime Reality is Brahman “the One”
- Buddhism: Prime Reality is the Void, unnamable and unknowable

Humans:
- Hinduism: humans have a soul (Atman)
- Buddhism: humans do not have a soul; we are aggregates of previous persons

Religious Practices:
- Hinduism: meditation, mantras; the goal is to ascend to godhood
- Buddhism: mantras, emptying of mind; the goal is to reach a state of the realization of nonbeing

63
Q

New Age - Prime Reality

A

The self (we can become gods)
We are on the verge of a radical change in human nature

64
Q

New Age - External Reality

A

The visible universe and the invisible universe (accessible through altered states of consciousness)

Visible universe is not an illusion, but can be reordered by the self

Doors of perception: drugs, meditation, trance, biofeedback, acupuncture, ritualized dance, types of music, etc.

65
Q

New Age - Humans

A

“All and everything that we can imagine exists” - John Lilly
We have untapped power

66
Q

New Age - Death

A

Physical death is not the end of the self; fear of death is removed from cosmic consciousness

Death lets the self reunite with…whatever it is, the cosmic consciousness

Some past-life recall

67
Q

New Age - Knowledge

A

Cosmic consciousness allows for understanding of reality, though many New Age scholars also cite authority of religious texts

68
Q

New Age - Morality

A

Evil is an illusion, there is no distinction between good and evil

69
Q

New Age - History

A

Cosmic history ends with deification of humanity

Great vision and hope

Personal experience is the most important aspect of history (your own life history)

70
Q

New Age - Core Commitments

A

Realize your unity with the cosmos and your identity as a creator, enhance yourself

71
Q

New Age - Three Methods of Practice

A
  1. Occult - access to spiritual world through special objects or practices
  2. Psychedelic - reality is self-generated, beings are projections of the conscious self
  3. Conceptual Relativism - no model for reality is any “truer” than another, disjunction between objective reality and perceived reality, language shapes our understanding of concepts like time, “there is no direct awareness of reality at all” - Robert Masters
72
Q

Postmodernism - Prime Reality

A

God is dead, incredulity toward metanarratives

73
Q

Postmodernism - External Reality

A

Death of truth, we have useful tools like language that hold society together

74
Q

Postmodernism - Humans

A

There is no substantial self, language makes us who we are

Stories give communities their cohesive character, language is power

75
Q

Postmodernism - Death

A

Personal extinction is most probably, though no one really knows

76
Q

Postmodernism - Knowledge

A

Truth about reality is hidden, all we can do is tell stories

The only truth is pragmatic truth (does it get you what you want?)

77
Q

Postmodernism - Morality

A

Metanarratives are oppressive

Morality is a linguistic construct, social good is determined by society

Radical ethical relativism (e.g. Foucault’s defense of rape as a form of “self-expression” and “freedom”)

78
Q

Postmodernism - History

A

Denial of fixity of past, historians create their own truth

79
Q

Postmodernism - Core Commitments

A

New literary frontiers and theories are always in discussions

“An endless stream of shifting ‘whatevers’” - Sire

80
Q

Islamic Theism - Prime Reality

A

Allah - monotheistic, infinite, personal, transcendent, good

81
Q

Islamic Theism - External Reality

A

Allah created the universe ex nihilo, but the world is a closed system (no Fall), everything that happens is the will of Allah (doctrine known as Qadr), Allah created jinn and angels as well

82
Q

Islamic Theism - Humans

A

Pinnacle of Allah’s creation, responsibility to live up to Allah’s standards, placed above jinn and angels

83
Q

Islamic Theism - Death

A

Paradise/Hell

Burial based on purity, lying on right side facing Mecca

“no Muslim, even the best among them, imagines that he is guaranteed Paradise” - Suzanne Haneef

84
Q

Islamic Theism - Knowledge

A

Through reason and sense (given to us by Allah), we can understand Allah’s revelation

Human knowledge cannot always know Allah’s sovereign decrees

Allah keeps some people from understanding “We have thrown veils over their hearts” (6:25)

85
Q

Islamic Theism - Morality

A

Right/wrong based on Qu’ran, amplified by hadith (words and actions of Muhammad) and interpreted by shari’a (law)

Shari’a Law has Five Pillars:
1. Recite confession (there is no god but Allah)
2. Pray 5 times a day
3. Fast during month of Ramadan
4. Give annual contribution to the poor
5. Make at least one pilgrimage to Mecca

86
Q

Islamic Theism - History

A

Demonstrates sovereignty of Allah, demonstrates peoples’ submission to Allah

Mandate to set up Islamic governments

87
Q

Islamic Theism - Core Commitments

A

Keep up multiple demands for righteousness, submission to Allah in all areas of life (Islam means Submission)

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