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ADULT HEALTH 1 > Midterm Exam- Cardiac > Flashcards

Midterm Exam- Cardiac Flashcards

1
Q

P wave

A

atrial depolarization by SA node first

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2
Q

QRS complex

A

ventricular depolarization by parkinje fibers

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3
Q

T wave

A

ventricular repolarization

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4
Q

PR interval

A

how long conduction takes from SA to AV node
0.12-0.2 seconds

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5
Q

sinus bradycardia

A

heart rate below 60bpm.
treat with anticholinergic like atropine

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6
Q

sinus tachycardia

A

heart rate above 100bpm.
treat with beta blocker

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7
Q

premature atrial contractions (PACs)

A

normal beat but SA node fires sooner.
early+ abnormal P wave.
Will feel palpitations.
Caused by hypoxia, stimulants, infection.

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8
Q

atrial fibrillation

A

irregular rhythm and rapid nondefinite P wave.
high risk for blood clots.
Treat w beta blockers or calcium channel blockers, antiarrhythmic, cardioversion to control heart rate.

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9
Q

atrial flutter

A

no P wave, “flutter wave”
sawtooth pattern btw narrow QRS

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10
Q

supraventricular tachycardia (SVTs)

A

regular rate but rapid, narrow QRS.
Can see heart beating outside of chest. Hypotension
Treat cause.

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11
Q

junctional escape

A

when using AV node instead of SA node.
40-60bpm.
absent or upside down P wave

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12
Q

premature ventricular contractions (PVCs)

A

bizarre QRS.
Appears different in everyone.
treat cause+symptoms (r/t MI, caffeine, hypoxia, electrolyte imbalance)

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13
Q

ventricular tachycardia

A

3 PVCs and rapid rate.
Will experience shortness of breath.
Usually hypo or hyperkalemia. No pulse= start defib and chest compressions.
Pulse= electrolyte replacement and antiarrhythmics.

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14
Q

ventricular fibrillation

A

no cardiac output, looks like squiggles.
Lethal, start defib and chest compressions.

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15
Q

1st degree heart block

A

prolonged PR interval
(0.2+ seconds)
due to delayed atrial depolarization

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16
Q

complete heart block

A

P waves and QRS are independent of eachother.
AV node is blocked completely. Will need a pace maker.

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17
Q

semilunar valves

A

pulmonic and aortic valves

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18
Q

atrioventricular valves

A

tricuspid and mitral valves

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19
Q

systemic circulation

A

sends oxygenated blood from left side of heart to tissues via aorta

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20
Q

pulmonic circulation

A

deoxygenated blood from right side of heart to the lungs

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21
Q

coronary circulation

A

coronary arteries fill with oxygenated blood during diastole

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22
Q

cardiac output

A

CO= HR x SV.
Normal= 4-8L/min at rest

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23
Q

stroke volume

A

volume of blood ejected from heart with each beat

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24
Q

low cardiac output

A

not enough blood being pumped to the body.
occurs with bradycardia

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25
Q

cardiac index

A

specific CO adjusted to pt’s body surface area

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26
Q

ejection fracture

A

percent of blood ejected by each contraction
normal= 55%+

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27
Q

factors determing cardiac output

A

contractility
heart rate
preload
afterload

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28
Q

preload

A

volume of blood in ventricles at end diastole/amount of venous return back to heart.
CVP=central venous pressure

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29
Q

afterload

A

resistance which the ventricles has to pump against to get blood out

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30
Q

increased afterload=

A

increased blood pressure

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31
Q

arterial blood pressure

A

CO x SVR
Pressure of blood placed on walls of arterial system.

32
Q

systemic vascular resistance

A

force opposing movement of blood

33
Q

mean arterial pressure

A

MAP- average pressure within arterial system.
Normal= 65+.
MAP= (systolic + 2xdiastolic) divided by 3

34
Q

S1 heart sound

A

closure of AV at systole

35
Q

S2 heart sound

A

closure of SV at diastole

36
Q

S3 heart sound

A

heard w volume overload or valve regurgitation
“ventricular gallop”

37
Q

S4 heart sound

A

with forceful atrial contraction from resistance of ventricular filling

38
Q

murmur

A

turbulent flow

39
Q

friction rub

A

scratching sound with pericarditis

40
Q

normal total cholesterol

A

below 200

41
Q

normal HDL

A

above 40

42
Q

normal LDL

A

below 100

43
Q

normal trigylcerides

A

below 150

44
Q

need consent form for

A

cardiac cath lab
electrophys studies

45
Q

troponin

A

lab value tested in chest pain
if elevated= MI
normal= less than 0.4

46
Q

myoglobin

A

elevated in damage to heart but does not stay elevated for long
normal= 0-85

47
Q

CKMB

A

lab value elevated in MI
normal= 0-3

48
Q

CRP

A

C reactive protein in liver
elevated in any bodily inflammation
normally= 0

49
Q

BNP

A

normal is less than 100 Elevated= heart failure

50
Q

stress test

A

assess heart function under stress
if positive= go to cath lab
no caffeine or smoking before
NPO 4 hours prior

51
Q

TEE

A

an echocardiogram
NPO 8 hrs prior
need sedation

52
Q

bell of stethoscope

A

smaller side
better for high pitched sounds like S3 S4 murmurs

53
Q

factors affecting arterial circulation

A

baroreceptors
chemoreceptors
SNS
PNS

54
Q

baroreceptors

A

located in aortic arch and carotid sinus
will decrease heart rate and decrease vasodilation during hypervolemia

55
Q

chemoreceptors

A

located in medulla
triggered in hypoxia or hypercapnea

56
Q

acute respiratory failure

A

type 1: hypoxic
type 2: hypercapnic.
Give steroids and bronchodilators, admin oxygen.
Can lead to ARDS.

57
Q

ARDS

A

acute respiratory distress syndrome
lack of perfusion from trauma. Treat w mechanical ventilation and corticosteroids.
Three phases: Exudative, proliferative, fibrotic.

58
Q

exudative phase of ARDS

A

alveoli fill and collapse
will hear rale sounds

59
Q

proliferative phase of ARDS

A

pulmonary hypertension
start of right sided heart failure

60
Q

fibrotic phase of ARDS

A

scarring of worsened right sided heart failure
hypotension

61
Q

flail chest

A

when 3+ ribs fractured

62
Q

pneumothorax

A

collapsed lung
diminished/absent lung sounds

63
Q

hemothorax

A

blood in lungs
tachycardia, tachypnea, sharp chest pain

64
Q

tension pneumothorax

A

untreated pneumothorax
tracheal shift and blood vessels deviate

65
Q

cardiac tamponade

A

excess fluid or air in pericardial sac
medical emergency
decreased CO and BP
tachycardia as compensation

66
Q

antidote to coumadin

A

vitamin K

67
Q

pulmonary embolism

A

clot in lung from DVT
give anticoagulant (heparin)
give thrombolytic (tPa)
send home on lovanox or coumadin
monitor for bleeding

68
Q

if allergic to shellfish

A

give antihistamine
give steroid
give anti acid reflux

69
Q

ST elevation

A

sign of MI

70
Q

virchow’s triad

A

three causes for DVT
venoustasis
vessel damage
hypercoagulability

71
Q

D dimer

A

elevated= blood clot

72
Q

left sided heart failure

A

pushes back blood up to pulmonary system.
pulmonary edema, crackles, cyanosis, weak peripheral pulses, hypotension

73
Q

right sided heart failure

A

blocks blood into circulation.
JVD, peripheral edema, ascites

74
Q

beta blockers

A

decrease heart rate
reduce afterload

75
Q

ace inhibitors

A

reduce fluid volume
reduce afterload

ADULT HEALTH 1 (2 decks)

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