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Older Adults > Midterm Exam > Flashcards

Midterm Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Ageism

A

prejudice against older people

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2
Q

anti-aging industry

A

the multibillion-dollar worldwide market for products that claim to reduce or reverse the effects of aging

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3
Q

discrimination

A

unfair treatment of a person or group based on prejudice

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4
Q

elderspeak

A

simplified speech like baby talk that some people use when they speak to older people; it stems from stereotyping older people as slow-witted
Term 4/10

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5
Q

gerontology

A

the discipline that systematically studies aging

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6
Q

inter generational equity

A

a call for balanced support of older and younger people through public policy and public expenditures

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7
Q

prejudice

A

being biased against someone or something; a negative judgement formed beforehand without knowledge of the facts

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8
Q

social structure

A

a relatively stable pattern of social interactions

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9
Q

society for all ages

A

promotes the well-being and contributions of older people in all aspects of life, recognizes their valuable contributions, and reflects the goals of elimination of ageism in all sectors; a society for all ages has five core principles: dignity, independence, participation, fairness, and security

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10
Q

society

A

an exaggerated and often prejudiced view of a type of person or group of people

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11
Q

active euthanasia

A

intervening actively to end a persons life

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12
Q

advance directives

A

(including a personal directive, healthcare directive, living will, and continuing power of attorney) a precise statement of the desired treatment and care, including what medical actions are to be taken under what conditions, and a declaration of who has the right to decide in the situation where the writer of the advance directive is no longer able to express his or her wishes

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13
Q

anticipatory grief

A

experienced prior to and in anticipation of the death of a loved one

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14
Q

assisted suicide

A

made possible with the help of someone

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15
Q

bereavement

A

the state of having recently experienced the death of a loved one

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16
Q

disenfranchised grief

A

defined by society as illegitimate grief and therefore unacknowledged because society defines the relationship between the grieving person and the deceased as insignificant

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17
Q

do-not-resuscitate (DNR) order

A

a person may request that, if dying from a terminal disease, resuscitation not be attempted if the dying person’s heart stops; this request may lead the dying person’s physician to place a do-not-resuscitate (DNR) order on the patient’s medical care chart

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18
Q

ego integrity

A

the acceptance of the notion that one’s life cycle is something complete and unique

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19
Q

grief

A

a sense of profound loss and the experience of deep sorrow

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20
Q

hospice

A

a place or program of care designed to meet the special needs of dying patients

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21
Q

life review

A

a dying person looks over his or her life, seeks a conviction that one’s life has had meaning and purpose, ties up loose ends, achieves acceptance of the life lived, and prepares for death

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22
Q

medical assistance in dying

A

(or physician-assisted death) a physician helps a person to die either by assisting the patient’s suicide or by euthanasia

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23
Q

morbid grieving

A

also known as complicated or pathological grieving, refers to a pattern or duration of grieving that society considers abnormal and problematic

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24
Q

mourning

A

the public expression of grief, typically following social and cultural rules

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25
Q

palliative care

A

directed toward improving the quality of life for the dying, including symptom control and spiritual support as well as bereavement support and education for the family members of dying patients

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26
Q

passive euthanasia

A

withholding or ceasing treatment of someone who is ill or injured and not expected to recover

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27
Q

physician-assisted suicide

A

a physician provides a patient with advice about how to commit suicide or with the technical means (e.g., lethal medications) to commit suicide

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28
Q

power of attorney

A

a legal document that gives someone, usually a lawyer, adult family member, or friend, the right to make decisions on behalf of the ill person if the person loses his or her mental capacity

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29
Q

social death

A

refers to the perception or behaviour of others that indicates that they perceive or treat a person as if physically dead when the physical body has not yet died

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30
Q

trajectory of dying

A

the pattern or course of dying over time, for example, sudden death or slow decline

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31
Q

age cohort

A

a group of people born in the same period of time; for example, all of the people born between 1950 and 1955 form an age cohort

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32
Q

age effects

A

on a person’s life are related to physical decline or change due to the aging process

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33
Q

age grades

A

a concept used in age stratification theory to describe periods of life defined by society, such as childhood, adolescence, and young adulthood

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34
Q

age stratification theory

A

focuses on the movement of age cohorts over the life course and on “the role of social structures in the process of individual aging and the stratification by age in the society” (Bengtson, Burgess, & Parott, 1997, p. S81)

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35
Q

age-status asynchronization

A

someone for whom major life events come early or late—a teenaged mother or a newlywed ­octogenarian—may feel out of sync with the age-status system in Canada.

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36
Q

cohort effects

A

are related to the time of the person’s birth

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37
Q

conflict perspective

A

holds that society consists of conflicts between dominant and subordinate social groups

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38
Q

critical gerontology

A

theoretical approaches that look “within” theory and research to critically examine and question the underlying and “taken-for-granted” assumptions about aging

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39
Q

cross-sectional research design

A

studies people from many age groups at one point in time

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40
Q

cumulative advantage and disadvantage theory

A

says that advantages and disadvantages earlier in life accumulate and are magnified over the life course

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41
Q

evidence-based practice

A

promotes the use of research findings in the delivery of services to older people

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42
Q

feminist approaches

A

view gender as a defining characteristic in social interaction and life experiences, as well as in the process and experience of aging; gender is seen as socially constructed, with men being more advantaged than women in society

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43
Q

functionalist perspective

A

holds that social order is based on consensus, cooperation, and shared norms and values, and that all parts of society serve a role or function to keep society in a state of balance or equilibrium; structural functionalism predicts that when there is social change, society will attempt to create an orderly transition to a new, stable state

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44
Q

interlocking systems of oppression

A

“macro level connections linking systems of oppression such as race, class, and gender” (Estes, 2001, p. 13)

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45
Q

interpretive perspective

A

focuses almost exclusively on the micro level of social life; it looks at how people define situations, how they create social order, and how they relate to one another in daily life

46
Q

life course perspective

A

a functionalist approach that bridges the micro and macro levels of analysis by incorporating social interaction and social structure within its framework; begins with the idea that life unfolds from birth to death in a social, cultural, and historical context; looks at the impact of social institutions, historical periods and events, personal biography, life cycle stage, life events, and resources on the older person

47
Q

longitudinal research designs

A

looks at a single group of people at two or more points in time

48
Q

macro-level theories

A

“examine social structures or structural elements as they influence experiences and behaviors” (Bengtson, Burgess, & Parrott, 1997, p. S76)

49
Q

micro-level theories

A

focus on individuals and their interactions; they are used to explain phenomena such as the relationship between adult children and their parents, changes in memory with age, and the effect of negative attitudes on older people’s self-esteem

50
Q

moral economy theory

A

focuses on shared values and social norms that shape popular beliefs in the legitimacy of certain practices and policies; this theory complements political economy theory

51
Q

narrative gerontology

A

seeks to understand the “inside” of aging by examining the narratives or life stories that people tell in order to organize and make sense of their lives, and their experiences of aging

52
Q

non-normative events

A

unexpected events such as illnesses, layoffs, and accidents

53
Q

normative age-graded events

A

socially sanctioned events that occur most often at a certain age, like marriage or retirement

54
Q

normative history-graded events

A

shape the lives of many age cohorts, such as the Great Depression of the 1930s or World War II

55
Q

period or environmental effects

A

on a person’s life are due to the time of measurement; this would include historical, social, or environmental effects, such as an ongoing war, changes in health habits (e.g., better nutrition), or changes in healthcare policies that have different influences on different age cohorts

56
Q

political economy theory

A

focuses on conflict and change in social life; it traces this conflict to the struggle between social classes and to the resulting dominance of some groups in society and the subordination of others

57
Q

positivist worldview

A

based on the belief that knowledge is built by studying observable facts and their relationship to one another

58
Q

post-modern theory

A

contrasts contemporary society with society in the recent past; for example, older people today can take on many roles in retirement, whereas in the past, they had limited options after they retired

59
Q

sequential designs

A

researchers look at a series of cross-sectional studies during a longitudinal study

60
Q

social gerontology

A

a subfield within the wider field of gerontology; it focuses on the social side of aging, while other subfields study the physical and biological aspects of aging

61
Q

time-lag comparison design

A

examines different groups of people of the same age at different points in time (e.g., 55-year-olds in 2000, 2010, and 2020)

62
Q

trajectories

A

long-term patterns of stability and change that often include many transitions

63
Q

transitions

A

changes in social status or social roles such as marriage, parenthood, divorce, remarriage, and widowhood

64
Q

age-specific birth rate

A

the number of births in a given age group per 1,000 women in that age group

65
Q

Allowance

A

an income supplement program for spouses of pensioners who receive only the Old Age Security pension and have a combined income below a set amount

66
Q

apocalyptic demography

A

the use of demographic facts (such as the aging of the population) to project the high cost of an aging population and predict that population aging will lead to economic and social crisis

67
Q

Baby Boom

A

the sharp rise in the fertility rate in Canada from about 1946 to the early 1960s (precise dates vary)

68
Q

Baby Bust

A

the sharp drop in the fertility rate from the mid-1960s on

69
Q

birth rate

A

the number of live births per 1,000 women in a population

70
Q

crude dependency rates

A

are based solely on the number of people in each age group

71
Q

death rate

A

the number of deaths per 1,000 people in a population

72
Q

demographic determinism

A

the assumption that population dynamics determine the future of social relations and social insti-tutions (e.g., the amount of dependency of the old on the young)

73
Q

demographic transition

A

occurs when a population changes from a high birth rate/high death rate condition to a low birth rate/low death rate condition

74
Q

elderly dependency ratio

A

the number of people age 65 and over divided by the population age 20 to 64

75
Q

fertility rate

A

“the average number of children that would be born alive to a woman during her lifetime if she were to pass through all her childbearing years conforming to the age-specific fertility rates of a given year” (Beaujot & McQuillan 1982, pp. 220–221)

76
Q

Guaranteed Income Supplement

A

an income supplement program for the poorest older people

77
Q

infant mortality rate

A

the death rate of children less than one year old

78
Q

least developed regions

A

consist of 49 countries with especially low incomes, high economic vulnerability, and poor human development indicators (e.g., Haiti, Bangladesh, Ethiopia)

79
Q

less developed regions

A

developing regions and countries are classified as less developed (e.g., China, India, Vietnam)

80
Q

median age

A

half the population is older and half is younger than the median age

81
Q

more developed regions

A

following the UN classification, more developed countries comprise all of Europe and North America, plus Australia, Japan, and New Zealand

82
Q

Old Age Security pension

A

Canada’s basic retirement income program, which supplements the income of nearly all of the country’s older people

83
Q

overall dependency ratio (or rate)

A

the combined total number of people age 19 and under and people age 65 and over divided by the number of people age 20 to 64.

84
Q

population aging

A

demographers, experts who study population change, use at least three measures of population aging: (1) the number of older people in a population, (2) the median age of a population, and (3) the proportion of older people in a population

85
Q

prospective aging

A

allows demographers to compare populations with different life expectancies, and to compare one society at different points in time as life expectancy increases; one measure of prospective aging uses a number of years of remaining life expectancy as the start of old age

86
Q

youth dependency ratio

A

the number of people age 0 to 19 divided by the population age 20 to 64

87
Q

buffering theory

A

holds that a culture that values seniors and provides meaningful roles for them tends to protect them to a degree from losses and social devaluation in later life

88
Q

cultural enclaves

A

areas in a city or region where particular ethnocultural groups tend to congregate geographically and socially

89
Q

culture

A

shared language, beliefs, values, customs, and practices

90
Q

ethnicity

A

variously defined as country of birth, birthplaces of ancestors, cultural heritage, or self-identification with an ethnocultural group

91
Q

filial piety

A

the culturally defined obligation, highly valued in Asian cultures, of adult children to their aging parents, requiring adult children to support their parents in their old age

92
Q

gentrification

A

in-migration into older urban neighbourhoods by new (often wealthy residents) that tends to drive up property values and displace former residents

93
Q

Institutional completeness

A

the presence in a community of a wide range of economic, social, and religious institutions, including the availability of services, agencies, and programs

94
Q

life course perspective

A

begins with the idea that life unfolds from birth to death in a social, cultural, and historical context; this perspective looks at the impact of social institutions, historical periods and events, personal biography, life cycle stage, life events, and resources on the minority older person

95
Q

minority groups

A

in Canada, those ethnocultural groups that have not originated in northern and western European countries

96
Q

multiple jeopardy theory

A

the hypothesis that there is a compounding of disadvantages associated with age, race, ethnicity, and gender

97
Q

visible minority

A

non-European in origin and/or not white in skin tone; curiously, Canada’s official definition of visible minority excludes the Indigenous population (First Nations people, Inuit, MÉtis)

98
Q

activities of daily living (ADLs)

A

activities performed daily, such as bathing, moving from a bed or chair, dressing, getting to and using the toilet, eating, and walking

99
Q

chronic health problems

A

long-term illnesses such as arthritis, ­rheumatism, hypertension, diabetes, and heart disease

100
Q

compression of morbidity hypothesis

A

the idea that severe chronic illness would occur for a short time near the end of life

101
Q

dependence-free life expectancy

A

the number of years of remaining life that a person will live in a state free of dependence on others for daily tasks

102
Q

disability-free life expectancy

A

the years of life remaining that are free of any disability

103
Q

epidemiological transition

A

the transition a society makes when it moves from a high rate of acute illness (mostly in youth) to a high rate of chronic illness (mostly in old age); Canada has made this transition, as have many developed nations

104
Q

functional disability

A

a limitation in the performance of normal daily activities due to illness or injury

105
Q

hypokinesia

A

physical problems due to lack of movement

106
Q

instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs)

A

home management activities such as using the phone, cooking, shopping, managing finances, and doing light housework

107
Q

life expectancy

A

the number of years at birth an average member of a population can expect to live

108
Q

maximum life span

A

the maximum number of years a member of a species can live

109
Q

rectangularization or squaring of the survival curve

A

the change over time in survival curves resulting in a right angle or square shape, leading researchers to conclude that a finite life span exists

110
Q

selective optimization with compensation (SOC)

A

those who age successfully use the SOC method: they select activities that optimize their ability, and when they can no longer engage in an activity, they compensate for losses by setting new priorities

111
Q

successful aging

A

characterized by a low chance of disease and disability, high mental and physical functioning, active engagement in social relations and productive activity

Older Adults (1 decks)

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