Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neural Biology > Midterm Exam > Flashcards

Midterm Exam Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Mesencephalon

A

Midbrain composed of the tectum and tegmentum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Tectum

A

“roof”; dorsal structure containing the inferior and superior colliculi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

inferior colliculus

A

structure in the tectum relating to audition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

superior colliculus

A

structure in the tectum relating to vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

tegmentum

A

“covering”; ventral structure containing the red nucleus and part of the reticular formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

red nucleus

A

structure in tegmentum relating to motor coordination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

hindbrain

A

pons, medulla, and cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

brainstem

A

medulla, pons, midbrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

metencephalon

A

pons and cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

pons

A

“bridge”; main connection b/w brain and cerebellum

• relates to eye movements in REM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

cerebellum

A

“little brain”; home to most of the neurons and relating to posture, walking, coordination; also integrates and modifies motor output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

reticular formation

A

sleep and consciousness; matrix of nerve fibres and nerve cell bodies that form much of the core of the brainstem, extending from the medulla, from the spinal cord, to the intra-laminate nuclei of the thalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

raphe nucleus

A

reticular formation structure related to serotonin synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

parvocellular reticular nuclei

A

reticular formation structure related to regulating exhalation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

gigantocellular nuclei

A

reticular formation structure related to cardiovascular function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

myelencephalon

A

medulla; “relay station” relating to respiration, heart rate, and arousal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

diencephalon

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

thalamus

A

structure acts as a gateway to the cortex, with all senses except olfaction making synaptic relays here

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

hypothalamus

A

the main link between the nervous and endocrine system that controls circadian rhythms, homeostastis, and hormone production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

lateral geniculate nucleus

A

thalamic structure that receives information from RGCs and sends axons to V1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Massa intermedia

A

thalamic structure that connects the left and right parts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

medial geniculate nucleus

A

thalamic structure that receives information from inner ear and sends axons to A1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

ventral posterior nucleus

A

thalamic structure that projects somatosensory information to primary sensory cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

pulvinar nucleus

A

thalamic structure that relates to attention and integrative function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

basal ganglia

A

subcortical structures associated with a variety of functions, including control of voluntary motor movements, procedural learning, habit learning, eye movements, cognition, and emotion
• action selection, reward based learning, action gating
• dopamine receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

striatum

A

grey matter structure of the basal ganglia composed of the caudate nucleus and putamen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

basal ganglia structures

A

caudate nucleus, global pallidus, putamen, subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Limbic system

A 
Amygdala
Hippocampus
Cingulate gyrus
Anterior thalamus
Mamillary bodies
Hypothalamus
• emotional regulation
• memory, cognitive control
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

telencephalon

A

division of the forebrain comprised of the cerebrum, hippocampus, olfactory bulb, amygdala, and basal ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

parietal lobe

A

part of the cerebrum that integrates information from different modalities + sensory and pneumonic info + internal and external reality
• spatial processing, integration, spatial relations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

somatosensory area

A

part of the cerebrum located posterior to the central sulcus that relates to touch, pain, temperature, limb position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

frontal lobe

A

part of the cerebrum that is involves in planning, judgement, initiative, empathy, human appreciation, and interpersonal behaviours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

frontal lobe parts

A 
dorsolaterial prefrontal
medial prefrontal
orbitofrontal
ventrolateral
primary motor cortex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

voluntary motor action area

A

located anterior to the central sulcus and involved in output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

taste area

A

the insula and limbic system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

rolandic fissure

A

central sulcus separating frontal and parietal lobea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

olfaction area

A

orbitofrontal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

major processing zones (cerebrum)

A

primary motor
primary sensory
limbic system
association cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

vision area

A

occopital lobe; primary visual cortex V1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

neocortex

A

90% of the cerebral cortex and containing 6 layers comprising the primary motor and somatosensory cortex, and association areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Layer 1

A

most superficial layer of the neocortex and last to mature

42
Q

Layer IV

A

input layer of the neocortex with large proportion of stellate neurons

43
Q

Layer V

A

output layer of neocortex with large proportion of pyramidal neurons

44
Q

audition area

A

superior temporal lobe, Heschels gyrus (B41) with tonotopic organization

45
Q

B41

A

Heschels gyrus; auditory area in superior temporal lobe

46
Q

superior temporal lobe

A

auditory area

47
Q

primary motor cortex

A

BA4 receives input from cerebellum and basal ganglia via thalamus and premotor area; output layer contains largest neurons (Betz’s cells - pyramidal neurons)

48
Q

temporal lobe

A

part of the cerebrum that relates to memory, emotion, auditory processing, and visual object recognition

49
Q

memory

A

medial temporal lobe

50
Q

visual object recognition

A

inferior temporal lobe

51
Q

Posterior cerebral artery

A

the basilar vertebral arteries that supply the back of the brain

52
Q

anterior cerebral artery

A

the inferior carotid artery that supplies the from of the brain

53
Q

sylvian fissure

A

the lateral fissure that separates the frontal and parietal lobe from the temporal lobe

54
Q

corticofugal

A

projections that extend from more central structures toward the PNS
e.g. corticothalamic

55
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

the courier network comprising the somatic and autonomic nervous system

56
Q

somatic nervous system

A

part of the PNS relating to voluntary muscle control

57
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

part of PNS relating to automated visceral function (smooth muscles)

58
Q

nerves

A

bundles of axons and glial cells

59
Q

ganglia

A

clumps of nerve cell bodies

60
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

part of ANS that uses norepinephrine as its main neurotransmitter

61
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

part of ANS that uses acetylcholine as its main neurotransmitter

62
Q

Afferent spinal nerves

A

sensory and dorsal

63
Q

Efferent spinal nerves

A

motor and ventral

64
Q

Dorsal horn

A

grey matter in the spinal cord that contains sensory and interneurons and is afferent

65
Q

ventral horn

A

grey matter in the spinal cord that contains motor neurons and is efferent

66
Q

central nervous system

A

part of the NS that contains the spinal cord and brain

67
Q

Commissures

A

axons/white matter that projects from one hemisphere to the other in bundles
e.g. corpus callosum

68
Q

Association tracts

A

axons/white matter tracts that run from one cortical region to another in the same hemisphere

69
Q

Projection tracts

A

axons/white matter that run between the cortex/deeper cortical structures and the spinal cord

70
Q

choroid plexus

A

a group of specialized cells and arteries in the ventricle wall lining that produce CSF and act as a barrier to toxins

71
Q

Dura mater

A

outer and thickest layer of the meninges

72
Q

Arachnoid layer

A

the middle, weblike layer of the meninges

73
Q

Pia mater

A

the inner and thinnest layer of the meninges

74
Q

Subarachnoid layer

A

the space between the pia mater and arachnoic layer where CSF flows into

75
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A

surround the brain and spine providing cushioning, nourishment, and disposal of waste

76
Q

white matter

A

primarily myelenated axons that transmit signals over long distance

77
Q

grey matter

A

primarily neuronal cell bodies for local communication between cells

78
Q

anterior

A

rostral

79
Q

posterior

A

caudal

80
Q

ventral

A

inferior

81
Q

dorsal

A

superior

82
Q

ectoderm

A

outer layer of the blastula that becomes the NS and outer skin

83
Q

mesoderm

A

middle layer of the blastula that becomes the skeletal system and voluntary muscle

84
Q

endoderm

A

inner layer of the blastula that becomes the gut and digestive organs

85
Q

cognitive neuroscience

A

branch of neuroscience concerned with the biological processes of the nervous system which form the basis of cognitive functioning

86
Q

cardiocentricism

A

egyptian era of investigation and process linking the heart and behaviour

87
Q

cerebrocentricism

A

ancient greek era of investigation and process linking brain and behaviour; earliest considerations of brain as the organ for mental life

88
Q

hippocrates

A

(4th century BC) believed brain is responsible for intellect, senses, knowledge, emotions, mental illness

89
Q

aristotle

A

ancient greek who suggested a return to cardiocentricism

90
Q

Galen

A

(1-2 century AD) ancient greek who saw the brain as the seat of the psyche; ventricles and vital spirits central to action and sesnes

91
Q

Albertus Magnus

A

(1506) The ventricular system placing perception at the front, memory posterior, and reason in between

92
Q

Descartes

A

(17th century) believed man was unique in the possession of a rational mind and its interaction with the material body via the pineal gland as a control centre

93
Q

Localism

A

emerged in early 1800s out of cranioscopy by Gall

94
Q

Bouillaud

A

localized speech ability to anterior cerebrum but failed to consider hemispheric asymmetry

95
Q

Holism

A

equipotentiality; all brain structures contribute to all functions equally

96
Q

Wernicke

A

proponent of connectionism/associationism who researched sensory aphasia

97
Q

Lashley

A

proponent of equipotentiality/theory of mass action

98
Q

Luria

A

identified three systems of specialization/localized function

  1. brainstem - arousal
  2. anterior - planning/output
  3. posterior - sensory input
99
Q

single dissociation

A

part of the localization of function; localized damage affects one task but not another task or ability

100
Q

double dissociation

A

part of the localization of function; damage in an area affects one ability but not another in subject I while opposite occurs for subject II in another area; implies two different mechanisms AND that they operate independently of one another

Neural Biology (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions