Midterm Exam Flashcards
the environment consists of
external factors physical nutritional social behavioral and other factors that act upon humans
the built environment is made up of…
our surroundings buildings neighborhoods streets roads parks cities THESE ARE ALL MAN MADE; WE CREATE PERMANENT STRUCTURES
Ecology
how organisms adapt to the environment
we adapt to our urban environment
(its cold out so we layer up)
natural environment
natural elevations
change of weather/ seasons
HUMANS ARE PART OF NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
social environment
relationships we have
family, friends, intimate relationships, coworkers, professors
what is involved in the quality of life
public health
population health
community
on a smaller scale than population
- a group pf individuals with something in common
- place/ location
- race, ethnicity, religion
gate keepers
someone who allows you into the community
have to earn their trust, interact with them etc
resonates the message to the community
health
state or condition of the human organism that results from a person’s interactions and adaptations to his or her environment
community health
less conventional
multiple approaches
professionals in community health
gate keepers
peer educators
empowerment
community organising (civil protesting)
urban health
function of living conditions shaped by municipal, social, environal determinants, national and global trends
urban penalty
the urban penalty cities concentrate poor or undeserved people and expose them to unhealth, physical and social environment
what are the determinants of individual/population health
- lifestyle/ behavior (DAILY CHOICES YOU MAKE, DIET, FITNESS, SEX, DRUGS)
- socio economics (IMPACTS HEALTH, EDUCATION, OCCUPATION)
- environment ( SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT, PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT, NUTRITIONAL ENVIRONMENT) (WHERE YOU ARE LOCATED)
- biology/ genetics (lifestyle choices can affect our biology in the future/ predisposed to conditions, what you are given at birth)
- access to health care (PRIMARY PREVENTATIVE CARE)
- social/ health policies (IMPACT A MASS AMOUNT OF PEOPLES HEALTH LAWS THAT DIRECT ACTION/ PROMOTE PUBLIC HEALTH_
leading causes of death and chronic disease are
heart disease
cancer
diabetes
stroke
injuries
mental illness
the leading causes of death and disease are related to ….
community design choices
CAN BE IMPACTED BY BUILT ENVIRONMENT
public health aims to prevent
premature death, disease and disability
THIS IS DONE BY PLANNED PROGRAMS AND INTERVENTION
public health practice is evidence based and relys on
surveillance and data collection
BASED ON DATA
major public health strategies include
primary prevention
secondary intervention and treatment
tertiary intervention
primary prevention
health education
vaccines
policies
secondary intervention and treatment
testing/ screening
early detection
tertiary intervention
after someone has a disease, condition, surgery etc
epidemiology
methodology for data collection, evaluation and public health practice
STUDY OF DISTRIBUTION/ PATTERNS OF DISEASES AND DETERMINENTS OF DISEASE, MORTALITY AND OTHER EVENTS OF PUBLIC HEALTH SIGNIFICANCE AND THE ANALYSIS TO IDENTIFY HEALTH PROBLEMS AND VIABLE SOLUTIONS
empirical scientific principles/ scientific method
“hunch”
hypothesis
experiment and gather data, make a conclusion, validate hypothesis through experimentation
public health
assessment through data gathering, indentification of problems, propose solutions
what are some of the 20th century achievements in public health
vaccination
motor vehicle safety
control of infectious diseases
decline of deaths from CHD and stroke
healthier mothers and babies
safer and healthier foods
safer work places
family planning
fluoridation of drinking water
recognition of tobacco use as a health hazzard
what are the 4 overachieving goals of the Healthy People 2020
- attain high quality, longer lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death
- achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups
- create social and physical environments that promote good health for all
- promote quality of life, health development, amd healthy behaviors across all life stages
epidemic
unexpectedly large number of cases of an illness, specific health related behavior or event, in a particular population
THIS IS AN OUTBREAK
endemic
disease that occurs regularly in a population as a matter of course
pandemic
outbreak over wide geographic area
descriptive epidemiology
vital statistics : the life book keeping of a community
PERSON, PLACE, TIME
CREATE HYPOTHESIS
measures of mortality
measures of morbidity
analytical epidemoilogy
epi studies: to show causality and to understand the etiology of disease
CASE CONTROL, COHORT
central limit theory
we can make generalizations about a large population when its impractical to ask every single person
CROSS SECTIONAL SURVEY
epidemiology tools for public health practice
assessment of population health
identifying health problems
surveillance and monitor health of population
identifying determinants of health
designing and assessing interventions
what are the measures of population health
life expectancy (avg. life span)
leading causes of death
measures of morbidity
disease specific mortality rates
infant and child mortality rates
years of potential life lost: NUMBER OF YEARS LOST WHEN DEATH OCCURS BEFORE ONE’S LIFE EXPECTANCY
measures of poverty
measures of vulnerability
what is the primary reason for disease
community sanitation
infant mortality rate
birth rate
death rate
infant mortality rate: 4/1000 births
birth rate: 16 births/ 1000
death rate: 7 deaths/ 1000
incidence rate
number of new health related events or cases of a disease in a population exposed to that risk during a particular period of time, divided by total # in same population
prevalence rate
number of new and old cases in a given period of time, divided by total # in that population
attack rate
incidence rate calculated for a particular population for a single disease outbreak, expressed as a percentage
incidence rates are important to study …
acute diseases
prevalence rates are more useful to study …
chronic diseases
incidence and prevalence rates expressed as …
crude or specific
age adjusted rates
used to make comparisons of relative risks across groups and over time when groups differ in age structure
what is saturated fat
found primarily in animal products meat butter cheese plam/ coconut oils can elevate blood cholesterol
what is unsaturated fat
primarily in plant products vegetable oil nuts seeds fish these lower blood cholesterol
what is trans fat
unsaturated fat present in margarine, hydrogenated oil, shortening, pastries, and some cooking oils
can increase the risk of heart disease
what is meant by food security
access at all times to a sufficient supply of safe, wholesome and nutritious food
nonessential nutrients
substances required for normal growth and health that the body can manufacture in sufficient amounts from other sources in the diet
do no require a dietary source
essential nutrients
substances required by the body that the body cannot produce (or make enough of) and must be obtained in the diet
examples of essential nutrients
biotin
vitamin a
vitamin c
fluroide
chloride
benefits of phytochemicals
chemical substances in plants that perform important functions in the human body
benefits of antioxidants
chemical substances that prevent or repair cell damage caused by oxidizing agents such as environmental pollutants, smoke, ozone and oxygen
what are the US guidelines with regard to physical activity
at least 30 mins of exercise on most days of the week to reduce risk of chronic disease
at least 60 mins of exercise on most days of the week to maintain body weight
60-90 mins of exercise on most days of the week to sustain weight loss in adulthood .
what are the USDA dietary guidelines for americans with regard to nutrients needed, fats, carbs, protein, vitamins?
fats: consume less than 10% of calories from saturated fatty acids, total fat intake between 20-35% of calories
carbohydrates: choose fiber rich fruits vegetables and whole grains. foods and beverages with little added sugars or caloric sweeteners
active transportation
any form of self propelled transportation
allows Physical activity to be incorporated into daily routine (walking or biking to work/school)
what are the 6 categories of nutrients
carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals , water
how do the 3 levels in risk communication differ?
updates/ FYI: no action
advisory: some action
alert: immediate action/ life or death
what are vital statistics?
relate to the life of history of communities or nations
“life bookkeeping of a community”
data of marriages, divorces, births, diseases, and death
3 ways that vital statistics are collected
enumeration
registration
reporting
incidence
the rate or frequency of a disease
THE RISK OF GETTING A DISEASE
prevalence
How widespread the disease is
morbidity
the condition of being ill or having a disease
mortality
the rate of deaths
what are the 5 food groups?
fruits vegetables dairy proteins grains
nutritional environment
places in a community where people buy or eat food
communicable disease
infectious diseases!!!
are caused by microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi that can be spread, directly or indirectly, from one person to another
Mumps
TB
HIV
chronic disease
A disease that persists for a long time. A chronic disease is one lasting 3 months or more
