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HS 325: Current Issues in Urban Health > Midterm Exam > Flashcards

Midterm Exam Flashcards

1
Q

the environment consists of

A 
external factors
physical
nutritional
social
behavioral
and other factors that act upon humans
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2
Q

the built environment is made up of…

A 
our surroundings
buildings
neighborhoods
streets
roads
parks
cities
THESE ARE ALL MAN MADE; WE CREATE PERMANENT STRUCTURES
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3
Q

Ecology

A

how organisms adapt to the environment
we adapt to our urban environment
(its cold out so we layer up)

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4
Q

natural environment

A

natural elevations
change of weather/ seasons
HUMANS ARE PART OF NATURAL ENVIRONMENT

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5
Q

social environment

A

relationships we have

family, friends, intimate relationships, coworkers, professors

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6
Q

what is involved in the quality of life

A

public health

population health

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7
Q

community

A

on a smaller scale than population

  1. a group pf individuals with something in common
  2. place/ location
  3. race, ethnicity, religion
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8
Q

gate keepers

A

someone who allows you into the community
have to earn their trust, interact with them etc
resonates the message to the community

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9
Q

health

A

state or condition of the human organism that results from a person’s interactions and adaptations to his or her environment

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10
Q

community health

A

less conventional

multiple approaches

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11
Q

professionals in community health

A

gate keepers
peer educators
empowerment
community organising (civil protesting)

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12
Q

urban health

A

function of living conditions shaped by municipal, social, environal determinants, national and global trends

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13
Q

urban penalty

A

the urban penalty cities concentrate poor or undeserved people and expose them to unhealth, physical and social environment

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14
Q

what are the determinants of individual/population health

A
  1. lifestyle/ behavior (DAILY CHOICES YOU MAKE, DIET, FITNESS, SEX, DRUGS)
  2. socio economics (IMPACTS HEALTH, EDUCATION, OCCUPATION)
  3. environment ( SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT, PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT, NUTRITIONAL ENVIRONMENT) (WHERE YOU ARE LOCATED)
  4. biology/ genetics (lifestyle choices can affect our biology in the future/ predisposed to conditions, what you are given at birth)
  5. access to health care (PRIMARY PREVENTATIVE CARE)
  6. social/ health policies (IMPACT A MASS AMOUNT OF PEOPLES HEALTH LAWS THAT DIRECT ACTION/ PROMOTE PUBLIC HEALTH_
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15
Q

leading causes of death and chronic disease are

A

heart disease

cancer

diabetes

stroke

injuries

mental illness

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16
Q

the leading causes of death and disease are related to ….

A

community design choices

CAN BE IMPACTED BY BUILT ENVIRONMENT

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17
Q

public health aims to prevent

A

premature death, disease and disability

THIS IS DONE BY PLANNED PROGRAMS AND INTERVENTION

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18
Q

public health practice is evidence based and relys on

A

surveillance and data collection

BASED ON DATA

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19
Q

major public health strategies include

A

primary prevention
secondary intervention and treatment
tertiary intervention

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20
Q

primary prevention

A

health education

vaccines

policies

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21
Q

secondary intervention and treatment

A

testing/ screening

early detection

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22
Q

tertiary intervention

A

after someone has a disease, condition, surgery etc

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23
Q

epidemiology

A

methodology for data collection, evaluation and public health practice

STUDY OF DISTRIBUTION/ PATTERNS OF DISEASES AND DETERMINENTS OF DISEASE, MORTALITY AND OTHER EVENTS OF PUBLIC HEALTH SIGNIFICANCE AND THE ANALYSIS TO IDENTIFY HEALTH PROBLEMS AND VIABLE SOLUTIONS

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24
Q

empirical scientific principles/ scientific method

A

“hunch”
hypothesis

experiment and gather data, make a conclusion, validate hypothesis through experimentation

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25
Q

public health

A

assessment through data gathering, indentification of problems, propose solutions

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26
Q

what are some of the 20th century achievements in public health

A

vaccination

motor vehicle safety

control of infectious diseases

decline of deaths from CHD and stroke

healthier mothers and babies

safer and healthier foods

safer work places

family planning

fluoridation of drinking water

recognition of tobacco use as a health hazzard

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27
Q

what are the 4 overachieving goals of the Healthy People 2020

A
  1. attain high quality, longer lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death
  2. achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups
  3. create social and physical environments that promote good health for all
  4. promote quality of life, health development, amd healthy behaviors across all life stages
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28
Q

epidemic

A

unexpectedly large number of cases of an illness, specific health related behavior or event, in a particular population

THIS IS AN OUTBREAK

29
Q

endemic

A

disease that occurs regularly in a population as a matter of course

30
Q

pandemic

A

outbreak over wide geographic area

31
Q

descriptive epidemiology

A

vital statistics : the life book keeping of a community

PERSON, PLACE, TIME
CREATE HYPOTHESIS

measures of mortality
measures of morbidity

32
Q

analytical epidemoilogy

A

epi studies: to show causality and to understand the etiology of disease

CASE CONTROL, COHORT

33
Q

central limit theory

A

we can make generalizations about a large population when its impractical to ask every single person

CROSS SECTIONAL SURVEY

34
Q

epidemiology tools for public health practice

A

assessment of population health

identifying health problems

surveillance and monitor health of population

identifying determinants of health

designing and assessing interventions

35
Q

what are the measures of population health

A

life expectancy (avg. life span)

leading causes of death

measures of morbidity

disease specific mortality rates

infant and child mortality rates

years of potential life lost: NUMBER OF YEARS LOST WHEN DEATH OCCURS BEFORE ONE’S LIFE EXPECTANCY

measures of poverty

measures of vulnerability

36
Q

what is the primary reason for disease

A

community sanitation

37
Q

infant mortality rate

birth rate

death rate

A

infant mortality rate: 4/1000 births

birth rate: 16 births/ 1000

death rate: 7 deaths/ 1000

38
Q

incidence rate

A

number of new health related events or cases of a disease in a population exposed to that risk during a particular period of time, divided by total # in same population

39
Q

prevalence rate

A

number of new and old cases in a given period of time, divided by total # in that population

40
Q

attack rate

A

incidence rate calculated for a particular population for a single disease outbreak, expressed as a percentage

41
Q

incidence rates are important to study …

A

acute diseases

42
Q

prevalence rates are more useful to study …

A

chronic diseases

43
Q

incidence and prevalence rates expressed as …

A

crude or specific

44
Q

age adjusted rates

A

used to make comparisons of relative risks across groups and over time when groups differ in age structure

45
Q

what is saturated fat

A 
found primarily in animal products
meat
butter
cheese
plam/ coconut oils
can elevate blood  cholesterol
46
Q

what is unsaturated fat

A 
primarily in plant products
vegetable oil
nuts
seeds
fish
these lower blood cholesterol
47
Q

what is trans fat

A

unsaturated fat present in margarine, hydrogenated oil, shortening, pastries, and some cooking oils
can increase the risk of heart disease

48
Q

what is meant by food security

A

access at all times to a sufficient supply of safe, wholesome and nutritious food

49
Q

nonessential nutrients

A

substances required for normal growth and health that the body can manufacture in sufficient amounts from other sources in the diet

do no require a dietary source

50
Q

essential nutrients

A

substances required by the body that the body cannot produce (or make enough of) and must be obtained in the diet

51
Q

examples of essential nutrients

A

biotin

vitamin a

vitamin c

fluroide

chloride

52
Q

benefits of phytochemicals

A

chemical substances in plants that perform important functions in the human body

53
Q

benefits of antioxidants

A

chemical substances that prevent or repair cell damage caused by oxidizing agents such as environmental pollutants, smoke, ozone and oxygen

54
Q

what are the US guidelines with regard to physical activity

A

at least 30 mins of exercise on most days of the week to reduce risk of chronic disease

at least 60 mins of exercise on most days of the week to maintain body weight

60-90 mins of exercise on most days of the week to sustain weight loss in adulthood .

55
Q

what are the USDA dietary guidelines for americans with regard to nutrients needed, fats, carbs, protein, vitamins?

A

fats: consume less than 10% of calories from saturated fatty acids, total fat intake between 20-35% of calories
carbohydrates: choose fiber rich fruits vegetables and whole grains. foods and beverages with little added sugars or caloric sweeteners

56
Q

active transportation

A

any form of self propelled transportation

allows Physical activity to be incorporated into daily routine (walking or biking to work/school)

57
Q

what are the 6 categories of nutrients

A

carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals , water

58
Q

how do the 3 levels in risk communication differ?

A

updates/ FYI: no action

advisory: some action
alert: immediate action/ life or death

59
Q

what are vital statistics?

A

relate to the life of history of communities or nations

“life bookkeeping of a community”
data of marriages, divorces, births, diseases, and death

60
Q

3 ways that vital statistics are collected

A

enumeration

registration

reporting

61
Q

incidence

A

the rate or frequency of a disease

THE RISK OF GETTING A DISEASE

62
Q

prevalence

A

How widespread the disease is

63
Q

morbidity

A

the condition of being ill or having a disease

64
Q

mortality

A

the rate of deaths

65
Q

what are the 5 food groups?

A 
fruits
vegetables
dairy
proteins
grains
66
Q

nutritional environment

A

places in a community where people buy or eat food

67
Q

communicable disease

A

infectious diseases!!!
are caused by microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi that can be spread, directly or indirectly, from one person to another

Mumps
TB
HIV

68
Q

chronic disease

A

A disease that persists for a long time. A chronic disease is one lasting 3 months or more

HS 325: Current Issues in Urban Health (1 decks)

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