Midterm Exam Flashcards
What does SOLER stand for?
sit up straight, open posture, lean in slightly, eye contact, relax
name some examples of nonverbal communication
bodily behavior, tone of voice, facial expressions, space, general appearance, eye behavior
name two ways know questions should be used in therapy
they are valuable to client, they will help therapiest learn additional information about the client
what are the two types of questions
indirect and direct (which can be open or closed)
direct, closed ended questions begin with
do, does, is, have, was, are, who, where, when
direct, open ended questions begin with
how, why, and what
what are the benefits of direct closed ended questions
solicit specific information and keep excessively talkative clients focused
what are the problems with direct closed ended questions
restricts verbal output and can communicate what a client should think/feel
what are the benefits of direct, open ended questions
elaborated responses, opens up conversation, allows you to gather more information in client’s words, minimize suggestions from the therapist
when do you use “why” questions
you have good therapeutic alliance and you want them to explore a certain path
why should be weary of why questions
often elicit defensive responses or “because” answers
indirect question phrases
I wonder, I’m curious, tell me, saymore about
when do you use indirect questions
when you are curious but do not to pressure a response
what are the benefits of indirect questions
encourages exploration of thoughts and feelings
name the five general guidelines for asking questions
prepare your clients for questions, don’t use questions as your predominant approach, do use open and indirect questions over closed questions, make questions relevant, and approach sensitive areas cautiously.
name the five types of directive listening responses
feeling validation, interpretive reflection of feeling, interpretation, confrontation, immediacy
directive listening can be focused on _____ or _____
client or therapist
what is feeling validation
statements that supports, affirms, approves of, or validates feeling articulated by client
what are the effects of feeling validation
helps client accept feelings, temporarily reduces anxiety, enhances self-esteem, increase client exploration of feelings, may facilitate client dependency
what is the underlying message of feeling validation
your feelings are acceptable and you have permission to feel them.
what is interpretive reflection of feeling
statement including what the therapist believes may be underlying the client’s thoughts or actions
what does interpretive reflection target
buried, hidden, or deeper emotions
what are the primary effects of interpretive reflection of feeling
encourage emotional expressions and client resistance/denial
what must be present before using interpretive reflection of feeling?
good rapport, demonstrated client is accurately heard, evidence that supports your interpretation
what is good phrase to start out interpretive reflection of feeling
correct me if I am wrong, i suspect, tell me if i’m wrong,
what is an interpretation
statement indicating what the therapist believes to be underlying the client’s thoughts or actions
what is psychoanalytic interpretation
a statement linking past relationship patterns and experiences to current relationship patterns and behaviors
what are the main effects of psycholanalystic interpretation
encourage reflection and self-observation of client’s emotions, thoughts, and actions, promotes client insight, can be met with client resistance or denial
when is psychoanalytic interpretation most effective
when the therapist has knowledge of the client’s past and present relationships
what is a cognitive reframe
intervention that helps client view their problems differently
when do you use cognitive reframe
when therapist believes that the client is viewing some aspect of their world inaccurately
what are the effects of cognitive reframe
promote flexibility in client’s percieved or interpreted actions, can reduce anxiety, anger, or sadness, and may be met with resistance or denial
when is cognitive reframe most effective
when there is a strong therapeutic alliance, you can offer good rationale, and make statements tentatively and collaboratively
what is confrontation
a statement that points out or identifies a client’s incongruity or discrepancy
primary effects of confrontation
facilitates more accurate perception of reality, encourage clients to examine their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, can be met with reistance
what is immediacy
statement that integrates a here-and-now therapist disclosure
what are the purposes of immediacy
expressing support, confrontation, leading the client towards a specific action
what are the effects of immediacy
here-and-now therapeutic relationship, focus on how client affecting therapist or being percieved by the therapist,
what is an example of expressing support immediacy
As I listen to you talk about such a terrible experience, I feel admiration for the strength I hear in your voice
what is an example of confrontation immediacy
It feels almost like you’re a helpless child instead of the competent and resourceful adult I’ve come to know
what is an example of leading towards action immediacy
when then makes me want to get out and explore other employment options, but I don’t hear you doing that
what are the guidelines for providing feedback
be clear and concise, no overload, don’t use jargon/technical terms, check-in with client, avoid providing information during high emotion, tailor your approach to your client, and present info in context.
What is psychoeducation
a statement that provides factual information about counseling process, client’s problem, or treatment strategy
guidelines for giving advice
consider if you have alternative motives/bias, wait for the appropriate time, avoid giving moralistic advice, avoid giving advice your client has already received
what is the primary effect of giving advice
provide client with new ideas
why are we cautious with giving advice
may damage the therapeutic relationship
what is microagression
subtle or commonplace verbal expressions, behaviors, or environmental elements that communicate hostile, derogatory, or negative racial slights or insults
what are the three types of microagressions
microassult, microinsult, microinvalidation
what is microassult
explicit racial attack meant to hurt the individual through name-calling, avoidant behavior, or purposeful discriminatory action
what is microinsult
communications that convey rudeness and insensitivity or demean a person’s racial heritage or identity
what is microinvalidation
communications that exlude, negative, or nullify the psychological thoughts, feelings, or experiential reality of a person of color
what is white privilege
a set of institutional advantages granted to those of who, by race, resemble the people who dominate the powerful position in our institutions.
guidelines for counseling diverse clients
learn as much as you can about client’s race/ethnicity/culture, suspend preconceptions, recognize that client may be different from other members of the group, consider how culture differences between therapist and client might affect psychotherapy, acknowledge that power, privilege, and racism might affect interactions with client, when in doubt, err on the side of discussion
what are the three steps of listening
receiving message, processing message, sending a message back
what does listening do for the counselor
gather important information about clients, develop the therapeutic alliance with client
what does listening do for the client
feel they are presentat and want to know about them, allows them to tell their stories
what are the four types of inadequate listening
nonlistening, partial listening, rehearsing, tape-recorder listening
what is empathic listening
listening while also attending and observing;
what are the types of verbal messages that clients express
experiences, behaviors, cognitions, affects (emotions)
how are nonverbal communications help to accentuate or modify verbal messages
confirming, denying or confusing, strengthening or emphasizing, controlling or regulating
pay attention to what the client leaves out
content, behaviors, thoughts, and feelings
what is nondirective listening responses
responses that do not direct or lead client
what is directive listening responses
responses that introduce the therapist perspective
what are the primary effects of silence
places focus on the client to talk, allows for cooling off time, allows therapist to consider their next response
what are the guidelines for using silence
let a few seconds pass, don’t get into a rut of breaking silence, do not use it if client is in crisis or confused, use nonverbal attending behavior
what is reflection or paraphrasing
rephrasing the content of what the client said
what are the effects of reflection/paraphasing
assures client is heard accurately, allows the client to hear what they said
what are the guidelines for reflection/paraphgrases
keep message same but use your own words, don’t include opinions, reactions, or commentary
what is clarification
restating what the client has said, preceded with or followed by a closed questions
what are the primary effects of clarification
clarifies unclear client statements and verifies the accuracy of what the clinician heard
what is reflection of feeling
restatement or rephrasing of clearly stated emotion
what are the effects of reflection of feeling
enhances client’s experience of therapist empathy and enourages furthur emotional expression
what are the guidelines for using reflection of feeling
reflect only the emotional content that you clearly hear the client say, don’t probe, interpret, or speculate
what is summarization
a brief review of several topics covered during a session
what are the primary effects of summarization
demonstrates accurate listening, enhances recall of session content, ties together or integrates themes covered in a session
what are the guidelines of summarization
keep it informal, make it collaborative, and be supportive
what is the best approach when your client is in denial
listen and clarify what is important to the client
what is the best approach when your client wants an answer from you
educate them on therapy process, help them brainstorm for possible solutions, if they cannot come up with solution you may offer a few with caution
what is best approach when your client is overwhelmed
slow down, convey your understanding, triage (focus on most pressing issue that you can reasonably address first)
what are some counseling traps
directing, persuading to hard, rescuing the client, following to much and getting lost, overloading client with information, focusing on what you think is the problem
qualities of effective counselor
active listener, empathic, responds appropriately, self aware, attends to nonverbals
what are the limits to confidentiality
you have explicit permission in writing, court order (somtimes), your client is at risk of suicide, your client has specific plans to harm someone, you learn a minor/elderly is being physically or sexually abused or neglected,
what are characteristics of unethical counselors
ignorant, incompetent, insensitive, exploitative, irresponsible, vengeful, burned-out, lack boundaries, rationalize, those who slip
what are the steps to ethical decision making
determine if it is ethical issue, consult guidelines, consider all factors influencing decision, consult with colleagues, evaluate rights, responsibilities, vulnerability of all affected parties, generate alternative decisions, enumerate consequences of making each decision, make decision
what are the suicide risk factors
psychiatric illness, social and personal factors (social isolation, physical illness, cognition function, previous attempts, unemployement), demographics (male, white, risk increases with age)
suicide assessment includes
specificity, lethality, access/avaliability, proximity
what do you do when client expresses homocidality
ask for details, send a tarasoff warning, determine if they have means. Inform them they have to inform the authorities, hospitalize your client if necessary.
