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Intro to Computer Science > Midterm Exam > Flashcards

Midterm Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Optical storage

A

stores bits by using an optical laser to burn pits into the surface of a highly reflective disc

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2
Q

3D printer

A

builds 3D objects by adding one layer of material at a time from the bottom up until the object is complete

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3
Q

Personal computer ethics

A

the responsible use of computers by individuals outside of professional environments

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4
Q

Character encoding

A

representation of characters on a keyboard with bytes

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5
Q

Computer Programming

A

the process of creating software through the use of logic, algorithms, and programming languages. Also called coding

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6
Q

Computer fluency

A

captures the essence of business expectations across a variety of devices

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7
Q

Hardware

A

the tangible parts of a computer or digital device; typically includes support for processing, storage, input, and output

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8
Q

System storage

A

storage used by a computer system in its normal operations, which includes RAM, ROM, and video memory

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9
Q

Communication apps

A

support communication between people and groups through text, voice, and video
`

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10
Q

Four number systems used by computer scientists

A

Decimal or base 10
Binary or base 2
Octal or base 8
Hexadecimal or base 16

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11
Q

virtualization software

A

allows one operating system to run on top of another by creating a virtual machine on which the guest system can run

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12
Q

Byte

A

group of eight bits

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13
Q

User Interface (UI)

A

allows one or more people to have access to and command of a computer system or computer software

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14
Q

Apps

A

programs on PCs, mobile devices, and wearables that are written to perform tasks or solve problems for people, groups, and organizations

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15
Q

Bit

A

(short for binary digit)
A digit that can be 1 or 0.
Smallest unit of information a digital electronics device can manipulate
Simple way of representing data

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16
Q

Solid-state storage

A

stores data permanently and does not require any moving mechanical parts or electricity

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17
Q

Server

A

powerful computer that utilizes many processors and provides services to many users simultaneously over a network

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18
Q

Audio and special media output

A

devices designed to provide output to all of the senses

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19
Q

Digitization

A

is the process of transforming information into digital representation so it can be stored and processed by computers

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20
Q

Software licensing

A

defines the permissions, rights, and restrictions assigned to the person who purchases a copy of software

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21
Q

Installing software

A

process by which software is added to a computer so that it is available for use

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22
Q

Linux

A

free, open-source operating system for PCs, servers, and other types of computers

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23
Q

Software

A

the electronic instructions that govern a computer’s actions in order to provide a computing service

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24
Q

Ethics

A

a branch of philosophy that deal with issues of morality, that is, consideration of which human actions and reactions are morally right and wrong

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25
Personal information apps
assist people in managing their personal lives, including their calendars, to-do lists, health, and money
26
Computing platform
Computing platform
27
Mobile Devices
battery-powered handheld devices
28
Unicode
Able to handle all types of international character sets | Backward compatible with ASCII
29
General-purpose input device
an input device designed to be used for a wide variety of computing activities
30
Printer
an output device dedicated to providing computer output printed on paper
31
Cloud storage
stores data on Internet servers for access from any Internet-enabled device
32
Personal Computer, or PC
general-purpose computer, single-user computer designed to meet the many computing needs of an individual
33
Accessible computing
the provision of equal access to computers and information technology for individuals with disabilities
34
E-waste
discarded electronic devices and components
35
Software Development
the systematic process of transforming a software idea into functional software
36
Programming Languages
a set of symbols, commands, and rules (syntax) used to write program code
37
Application programming interface (API)
set of programming tools specifically designed for developing apps for a particular platform
38
Entertainment apps
apps that are used for enjoyable leisure time activities, including listening to music; watching TV, videos, and movies, reading books and magazines; and playing games
39
Central processing unit
a group of circuits that perform the processing in a computer, typically in one integrated circuit called a microprocessor.
40
Embedded operating systems
hardwired into a computer component, such as ROM or flash memory, to control a special-purpose computer
41
Output devices
allows a user to observe the results of computer processing with one or more senses
42
Managing software
software used to acquire, install, maintain, and remove software and apps from computers and mobile devices
43
Binary number system
uses only two digits (0 and 1) and is commonly used for representing values in computers
44
Storage
the ability to maintain data within a computer system temporarily or permanently
45
motherboard
primary circuit board of a computer to which all components are connected, including the CPU
46
Wearables
clothing and accessories that incorporate digital technologies
47
Special-Purpose Computer
designed to meet a specific need
48
ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)
A character encoding scheme for the English alphabet | Base for more powerful encoding schemes
49
Information apps
provide useful information on a variety of topics
50
Office suites
software collections that include a word processor, a spreadsheet app, presentation software, and sometimes database and other use software; also called a software suit
51
Digital divide
the social and economic gap between those how have access to computers and the Internet and those who do not
52
Professional apps
general-purpose, custom apps required for use at work
53
Processing
carries out the instructions provided by software, using specially designed circuitry and a well-defined routine to transform data into use outputs
54
Utility software
any system software besides that OS that assists in maintaining, managing, and protecting computer system resources
55
Operating System (OS)
set of computer programs that runs or controls the computer hardware and acts as a user interface
56
Governmental computer ethics
a government’s responsibility to create laws to protect citizens from unethical computer use and provide citizens with equal access to computers and information technologies as well as their benefits
57
Digital literacy
an understanding of how computers represent different types of data with digits and how the usefulness of that representations assists people in leading productive lives
58
Technology Ecosystem
a family of devices and software designed by the manufacturer to work together
59
Input device
assists in capturing and entering data into a computer system
60
Conflict materials
natural resources that are extracted in conflict zones and sold to perpetuate the fighting
61
Acquiring software
refers to the method by which software can be purchased or accessed
62
Maintaining software
involves applying software updates to correct software bugs, improve the software, or add new features
63
Display
provides visual computer output for observation on a monitor or screen
64
Green Computing
the efforts of individuals, businesses, and governments to utilize environmentally conscious practices in manufacturing and use of digital technologies
65
System Software
any software that coordinates the activities of the hardware and assists the computer in functioning safely, effectively, and efficiently
66
Computer literacy
refers to a functional understanding of the fundamentals of computers and their uses
67
Uses of Computers
``` Computation Automation Communication Entertainment Managing Information ```
68
Server operating systems
control large networked systems and servers
69
Special-Purpose Input Device
designed to provide input for one specific type of activity
70
Supercomputer
most powerful type of computer
71
Creativity apps
software that assists people in creating items of value like art, music, video, and even software used to create software
72
Digital technology
allow us to manipulate all types of information as digits (1s and 0s) in order to store and manage the information more efficiently and effectively
73
Expansion
a computer’s capacity to interface with a variety of external devices, such as I/O devices, network devices, and storage devices, by connecting through ports, slots, and wireless technologies
74
Moore’s Law
Moore’s Law
75
Magnetic storage
storage technology that uses magnetic properties of iron oxide particles rather than electrical charges to store bits and bytes more permanently than RAM
76
File management
the physical and logical storage system and practices provided for managing data on a computer.
77
Professional computer ethics
the ethical issues faced by professionals in their use of computer systems as part of their jobs
78
Computer
a digital electronics device that combines hardware and software to accept the input of data and then process and store the data to produce useful output
79
Uninstalling software
the process of completely removing software from a computer
80
Freedom of speech
refers to the ability of a person to publicly speak or publish any thought without legal constraints or repercussions.
81
Web Empowerment
refers to the power that the web provides for individuals to express themselves, influence others, and affect the course of society
82
citizen journalists
Bloggers who report the news
83
Internet Censorship
refers to the control of speech and other forms of expression over the Internet and web by a government or authority
84
Internet decency
refers to efforts by government and others to rid the Internet and web content that they consider indecent or to filter indecent content from some users
85
Content-filtering software; example
Net Nanny, provide parental controls to limit access to objectional material for specific users
86
Net neutrality
refers to a principle applied to high-speed Internet services, whereby all data is delivered to all users with equal priority
87
Internet
the world’s largest public computer network, provides a vast array of services to individuals, businesses, and organizations
88
Internet technologies
work together to provide information and services over the Internet, including a variety of protocols,
89
Internet history
relatively short, dating back to only around 1970
90
Internet backbone
refers to the main Internet pathways and connections, made up of many national and international communication networks that are owned by major telecom companies, called network service providers (NSPs)
91
TCP/IP (transmission control protocol/Internet protocol)
the protocols on which the Internet is based; TCP guarantees delivery IP guarantees a unique address
92
DNS (domain name server)
maintains a database of all domain names and IP addresses used on the Internet
93
Network architecture
defines the manner in which devices connect and communicate with each other over a network
94
Different types of network architecture
Client/server | Peer-to-Peer
95
Client/server
client computers or programs make requests from servers, such as a user using Chrome to request a webpage from a server
96
Peer-to-Peer
does not use a central server but facilitates communication directly between clients with user computers acting as both clients and servers
97
ISP (Internet service provider)
a company that provides individuals and organizations with access to the Internet
98
Different ISPs offer different connection types, including
``` Cable modem Cellular data connection Digital subscriber line (DSL) Fiber Dial-up Digital satellite service (DSS) Broadband over power line (BPL) ```

Intro to Computer Science (2 decks)

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