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Intro to Computer Science > Midterm Exam > Flashcards

Midterm Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

Optical storage

A

stores bits by using an optical laser to burn pits into the surface of a highly reflective disc

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2
Q

3D printer

A

builds 3D objects by adding one layer of material at a time from the bottom up until the object is complete

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3
Q

Personal computer ethics

A

the responsible use of computers by individuals outside of professional environments

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4
Q

Character encoding

A

representation of characters on a keyboard with bytes

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5
Q

Computer Programming

A

the process of creating software through the use of logic, algorithms, and programming languages. Also called coding

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6
Q

Computer fluency

A

captures the essence of business expectations across a variety of devices

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7
Q

Hardware

A

the tangible parts of a computer or digital device; typically includes support for processing, storage, input, and output

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8
Q

System storage

A

storage used by a computer system in its normal operations, which includes RAM, ROM, and video memory

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9
Q

Communication apps

A

support communication between people and groups through text, voice, and video
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10
Q

Four number systems used by computer scientists

A

Decimal or base 10
Binary or base 2
Octal or base 8
Hexadecimal or base 16

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11
Q

virtualization software

A

allows one operating system to run on top of another by creating a virtual machine on which the guest system can run

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12
Q

Byte

A

group of eight bits

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13
Q

User Interface (UI)

A

allows one or more people to have access to and command of a computer system or computer software

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14
Q

Apps

A

programs on PCs, mobile devices, and wearables that are written to perform tasks or solve problems for people, groups, and organizations

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15
Q

Bit

A

(short for binary digit)
A digit that can be 1 or 0.
Smallest unit of information a digital electronics device can manipulate
Simple way of representing data

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16
Q

Solid-state storage

A

stores data permanently and does not require any moving mechanical parts or electricity

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17
Q

Server

A

powerful computer that utilizes many processors and provides services to many users simultaneously over a network

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18
Q

Audio and special media output

A

devices designed to provide output to all of the senses

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19
Q

Digitization

A

is the process of transforming information into digital representation so it can be stored and processed by computers

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20
Q

Software licensing

A

defines the permissions, rights, and restrictions assigned to the person who purchases a copy of software

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21
Q

Installing software

A

process by which software is added to a computer so that it is available for use

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22
Q

Linux

A

free, open-source operating system for PCs, servers, and other types of computers

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23
Q

Software

A

the electronic instructions that govern a computer’s actions in order to provide a computing service

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24
Q

Ethics

A

a branch of philosophy that deal with issues of morality, that is, consideration of which human actions and reactions are morally right and wrong

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25
Q

Personal information apps

A

assist people in managing their personal lives, including their calendars, to-do lists, health, and money

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26
Q

Computing platform

A

Computing platform

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27
Q

Mobile Devices

A

battery-powered handheld devices

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28
Q

Unicode

A

Able to handle all types of international character sets

Backward compatible with ASCII

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29
Q

General-purpose input device

A

an input device designed to be used for a wide variety of computing activities

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30
Q

Printer

A

an output device dedicated to providing computer output printed on paper

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31
Q

Cloud storage

A

stores data on Internet servers for access from any Internet-enabled device

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32
Q

Personal Computer, or PC

A

general-purpose computer, single-user computer designed to meet the many computing needs of an individual

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33
Q

Accessible computing

A

the provision of equal access to computers and information technology for individuals with disabilities

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34
Q

E-waste

A

discarded electronic devices and components

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35
Q

Software Development

A

the systematic process of transforming a software idea into functional software

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36
Q

Programming Languages

A

a set of symbols, commands, and rules (syntax) used to write program code

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37
Q

Application programming interface (API)

A

set of programming tools specifically designed for developing apps for a particular platform

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38
Q

Entertainment apps

A

apps that are used for enjoyable leisure time activities, including listening to music; watching TV, videos, and movies, reading books and magazines; and playing games

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39
Q

Central processing unit

A

a group of circuits that perform the processing in a computer, typically in one integrated circuit called a microprocessor.

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40
Q

Embedded operating systems

A

hardwired into a computer component, such as ROM or flash memory, to control a special-purpose computer

41
Q

Output devices

A

allows a user to observe the results of computer processing with one or more senses

42
Q

Managing software

A

software used to acquire, install, maintain, and remove software and apps from computers and mobile devices

43
Q

Binary number system

A

uses only two digits (0 and 1) and is commonly used for representing values in computers

44
Q

Storage

A

the ability to maintain data within a computer system temporarily or permanently

45
Q

motherboard

A

primary circuit board of a computer to which all components are connected, including the CPU

46
Q

Wearables

A

clothing and accessories that incorporate digital technologies

47
Q

Special-Purpose Computer

A

designed to meet a specific need

48
Q

ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)

A

A character encoding scheme for the English alphabet

Base for more powerful encoding schemes

49
Q

Information apps

A

provide useful information on a variety of topics

50
Q

Office suites

A

software collections that include a word processor, a spreadsheet app, presentation software, and sometimes database and other use software; also called a software suit

51
Q

Digital divide

A

the social and economic gap between those how have access to computers and the Internet and those who do not

52
Q

Professional apps

A

general-purpose, custom apps required for use at work

53
Q

Processing

A

carries out the instructions provided by software, using specially designed circuitry and a well-defined routine to transform data into use outputs

54
Q

Utility software

A

any system software besides that OS that assists in maintaining, managing, and protecting computer system resources

55
Q

Operating System (OS)

A

set of computer programs that runs or controls the computer hardware and acts as a user interface

56
Q

Governmental computer ethics

A

a government’s responsibility to create laws to protect citizens from unethical computer use and provide citizens with equal access to computers and information technologies as well as their benefits

57
Q

Digital literacy

A

an understanding of how computers represent different types of data with digits and how the usefulness of that representations assists people in leading productive lives

58
Q

Technology Ecosystem

A

a family of devices and software designed by the manufacturer to work together

59
Q

Input device

A

assists in capturing and entering data into a computer system

60
Q

Conflict materials

A

natural resources that are extracted in conflict zones and sold to perpetuate the fighting

61
Q

Acquiring software

A

refers to the method by which software can be purchased or accessed

62
Q

Maintaining software

A

involves applying software updates to correct software bugs, improve the software, or add new features

63
Q

Display

A

provides visual computer output for observation on a monitor or screen

64
Q

Green Computing

A

the efforts of individuals, businesses, and governments to utilize environmentally conscious practices in manufacturing and use of digital technologies

65
Q

System Software

A

any software that coordinates the activities of the hardware and assists the computer in functioning safely, effectively, and efficiently

66
Q

Computer literacy

A

refers to a functional understanding of the fundamentals of computers and their uses

67
Q

Uses of Computers

A 
Computation
Automation
Communication
Entertainment
Managing Information
68
Q

Server operating systems

A

control large networked systems and servers

69
Q

Special-Purpose Input Device

A

designed to provide input for one specific type of activity

70
Q

Supercomputer

A

most powerful type of computer

71
Q

Creativity apps

A

software that assists people in creating items of value like art, music, video, and even software used to create software

72
Q

Digital technology

A

allow us to manipulate all types of information as digits (1s and 0s) in order to store and manage the information more efficiently and effectively

73
Q

Expansion

A

a computer’s capacity to interface with a variety of external devices, such as I/O devices, network devices, and storage devices, by connecting through ports, slots, and wireless technologies

74
Q

Moore’s Law

A

Moore’s Law

75
Q

Magnetic storage

A

storage technology that uses magnetic properties of iron oxide particles rather than electrical charges to store bits and bytes more permanently than RAM

76
Q

File management

A

the physical and logical storage system and practices provided for managing data on a computer.

77
Q

Professional computer ethics

A

the ethical issues faced by professionals in their use of computer systems as part of their jobs

78
Q

Computer

A

a digital electronics device that combines hardware and software to accept the input of data and then process and store the data to produce useful output

79
Q

Uninstalling software

A

the process of completely removing software from a computer

80
Q

Freedom of speech

A

refers to the ability of a person to publicly speak or publish any thought without legal constraints or repercussions.

81
Q

Web Empowerment

A

refers to the power that the web provides for individuals to express themselves, influence others, and affect the course of society

82
Q

citizen journalists

A

Bloggers who report the news

83
Q

Internet Censorship

A

refers to the control of speech and other forms of expression over the Internet and web by a government or authority

84
Q

Internet decency

A

refers to efforts by government and others to rid the Internet and web content that they consider indecent or to filter indecent content from some users

85
Q

Content-filtering software; example

A

Net Nanny, provide parental controls to limit access to objectional material for specific users

86
Q

Net neutrality

A

refers to a principle applied to high-speed Internet services, whereby all data is delivered to all users with equal priority

87
Q

Internet

A

the world’s largest public computer network, provides a vast array of services to individuals, businesses, and organizations

88
Q

Internet technologies

A

work together to provide information and services over the Internet, including a variety of protocols,

89
Q

Internet history

A

relatively short, dating back to only around 1970

90
Q

Internet backbone

A

refers to the main Internet pathways and connections, made up of many national and international communication networks that are owned by major telecom companies, called network service providers (NSPs)

91
Q

TCP/IP (transmission control protocol/Internet protocol)

A

the protocols on which the Internet is based; TCP guarantees delivery
IP guarantees a unique address

92
Q

DNS (domain name server)

A

maintains a database of all domain names and IP addresses used on the Internet

93
Q

Network architecture

A

defines the manner in which devices connect and communicate with each other over a network

94
Q

Different types of network architecture

A

Client/server

Peer-to-Peer

95
Q

Client/server

A

client computers or programs make requests from servers, such as a user using Chrome to request a webpage from a server

96
Q

Peer-to-Peer

A

does not use a central server but facilitates communication directly between clients with user computers acting as both clients and servers

97
Q

ISP (Internet service provider)

A

a company that provides individuals and organizations with access to the Internet

98
Q

Different ISPs offer different connection types, including

A 
Cable modem
Cellular data connection
Digital subscriber line (DSL)
Fiber
Dial-up
Digital satellite service (DSS)
Broadband over power line (BPL)

Intro to Computer Science (2 decks)

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