Midterm Exam

Question 0

Corporatism

Answer 0

Breaking people into subgroups of a whole, gave organizations in Iberian society statuses and a hierarchy

Question 1

Patriarchalism

Answer 1

The principle that any group will form a hierarchy

Question 2

Limpieza de sangre

Answer 2

Purity of blood. New Christians had been forced into a religion - leaving the old Christians in doubt of them

Question 3

How did Iberians’ experience with diversity in their homelands impact their experience in the new world?

Answer 3

Try already knew how to deal with it (does not mean they didn’t discriminate) - they were aware of the results

Question 4

What was “the basic unit of the mercantile world” of the Mediterranean of this time period?

Answer 4

Companies - partnerships where one partner would manage at home and the other would travel for trade

Question 5

Where did the merchant fall on the social scale?

Answer 5

Not nobility- had the money to buy marriage into nobility, also far from peasants

Question 6

Who were the rulers of Castile at the time of Colombus’ voyage to the Americas

Answer 6

Ferdinand and Isabella

Question 7

What goals motivated Portuguese overseas expansion according to the authors

Answer 7

Trading spices, goals, golden Christianity

Question 8

The Portuguese factory and Donatary captaincy

Answer 8

An outpost in a conquered area

The thing where they set aside space for private use and encourage people to set up shop

Question 9

What are the three central components of the sugar complex

Answer 9

Specialized technology such as milling, capital investors And commercial investment, slave labor

Question 10

After first developing in the eastern Mediterranean where did the sugar complex reach maturity before being transferred to the new world

Answer 10

The Atlantic islands such as Cape Verde and the Canary Islands

Question 11

What was Portugal’s least important overseas colonies during the 16th century

Answer 11

Brazil

Question 12

How do the authors characterize the tension between Columbus and the Genovese Portuguese notions of colonization and the Spaniards notion of colonization

Answer 12

I maritime tradition of trade and exploration competed with the old Iberian tradition of full conquest substantial immigration and permanent rule

Question 13

What role did Columbus’s identity play in his governance of Hispaniola during the early years of the conquest

Answer 13

Columbus in line with his Genovese and Portuguese background was to establish forts and factories manned by salaried employees to trade with local population for any products of value in Europe and to continue exploration in search of stronger and richer trading partners

Question 14

What was the intent of the Treaty of tordesillas

Answer 14

To divide the world into Spanish and Portuguese territories

Question 15

How does the modern-day name of the Dominican republic reflect the importance of the city in early Spanish Caribbean society

Answer 15

The country is named after Santo Domingo the capital city

Question 16

Cabildo

Answer 16

The municipal council in a Spanish city

Question 17

What stark contrast between city and countryside existed during the early Spanish conquest of the Indies

Answer 17

The city was Spanish the countryside was indigenous

Question 18

Briefly describe the central characteristics of the Spanish Indies city traza

Answer 18

Central Square surrounded by a governor’s house a town council building a church and shops. The further away from the center the more humble the residents of the city

Question 19

What did most forms of the encomienda represent

Answer 19

A Spanish attempt to acquire indigenous services or goods through the use of traditional local indigenous authority and on the basis of already existing social political units

Question 20

Estancia

Answer 20

Private land holdings of Spaniards - word also used for any agricultural enterprise undertaken there

Question 21

How are the encomienda and Estancia informally conjoined?

Answer 21

An encomendero would often have an Estancia granted to him in the immediate vicinity of his indigenous laborers so as to have the labor supply close at hand. Estancieros where the supervisors of the estancias - also served the encomendero as a labor boss or even miner

Question 22

Naboria

Answer 22

Name for a permanent dependent of a noble or chieftain, not subject to general community duties or privileges

Question 23

How are indigenous people in an encomienda different from slaves

Answer 23

A slave was bought and sold for a price taken from their native land and lived in close quarters with Europeans. An encomienda Indian stayed on the same lands as always and retained their own group organization

Question 24

What are the reasons that indigenous slavery did not become prominent in Spanish America

Answer 24

It is neither advantageous or feasible to enslave people on their home ground. The indigenous were also more susceptible to European diseases

Question 25

What factors led to Spanish gold-mining in the Caribbean?

Answer 25

The gold of West Africa led the Iberians to expect more of the same in the Western Hemisphere. Iberian conquest was associated with the idea of spoils precious metals and jewels. To still live in a European fashion the Spaniards would have to find an export with high specific value and strong steady demand in Europe of these of the Caribbean offered only gold. To continue expiration the Spaniards at this point needed not only something non-technical but something which would provide capital rather than require it

Question 26

In Spanish law underground wealth was in the public domain what were the two consequences of this?

Answer 26

One was that mines did not go merely to their discoverers or to any class of miners proper but were distributed by local political authorities to those who were already powers in the community. Another was that the Mines and the gold and some sense could be sent to belong to the crown which through its officials at first tried to take half the products are more than settled on a fifth

Question 27

Quinto

Answer 27

The fifth of the silver extracted from mines long to be the most important source of Royal revenue

Question 28

What role did the Genoese

play in early Iberian Caribbean commerce?

Answer 28

They dominated the first phase of commerce between Spain and the Indies through loans they supplied the capital for expeditions individual immigrants and shipmasters and Mercantile ventures and they themselves were very much involved in the trade to the Caribbean