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Archaeology 321 > Midterm Exam #2 > Flashcards

Midterm Exam #2 Flashcards

1
Q

Pre-Boreal Climate and Atlantic Climate

A

Boreal Climate: Change to warm/dry summers with continuing strong westerly winds.
Atlantic Climate: “Hypsithermal” or “Altithermal” Period

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2
Q

After Folsom: The Emergence

A

Increasing diversity of projectile point types.
Disappearance of fluting.
Diversification of subsistence base.
Evolution of hunting methods

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3
Q

Late Palaeoindian

A

Transition from fluted lanceolate traditions (Early Palaeoindian) to unfluted lanceolate traditions (Late Paleoindian)
Late Palaeoindian traditions largely restricted to the plains, increasing diversity
Increasing stylistic and temporal overlap between traditions

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4
Q

Agate Basin Complex

A

Elongate lanceolate point lacking a clear shoulder or stem. Base is usually flat and widest point is a mid-section.
Lenticular cross-section
Re-working of broken points common, many of these are asymmetrical
Common tools are gravers, scrapers, knives, notches, choppers, hammerstones and bifaces

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5
Q

Vermilion Lakes Site (Agate Basin)

A

At least 9 periods of human activity
Circular structure about 3-4m in diameter
Sheep hunting focus
Period of severe climate

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6
Q

Hell Gap Complex

A

Similar to Agate Basin but often with a distinct shoulder.
Occasional grinding on base or stem
Base is flat or slightly convex
Transverse flaking.
Associated tool kit similar to Agate Basin

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7
Q

Caspar Site

A

In Wyoming
Kill site in parabolic sand dunes
Prey selectively
Cold weather kill

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8
Q

Jones-Miller Site (Hell Gap)

A

Eastern Colorado
Lithic materials from Kansas, Colorado, and Texas Panhandle
Largest kill site attributed to the Hell Gap tradition
Evidence suggests a trap, but no specific evidence of a post corral, or natural corral
Posthole (22cm in diameter, 46 cm deep) in center of circular bone deposit
Bird bone flute, a miniature point, and butchered canid

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9
Q

Gordon Creek Burial

A

Colorado
25-30 year old woman
Tightly flexed and covered in red ochre
Fire used in the burial process or as ritual
Grave goods: 3 bifaces, hammerstone, endscraper, utilized flakes, smoothed stone, cut bones and perforated and broken elk teeth

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10
Q

Early Plano Subsistence

A

Barton Gulch site in SW Montana (ca. 9,400 years BP) has roasting pits or earth ovens with Chenopodium (goosefoot) and prickly pear (Opuntia) burnt seeds

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11
Q

Late Plano - Stemmed Point Traditions

A

Distribution of Lanceolate and Stemmed Plano Points (NE Plains)

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12
Q

Cody Complex - Alberta and Saskatchewan

A

Defined by 3 points
Alberta Points
Wide body(blade), abrupt shoulder, expanding stem, usually a straight base
Develop out of Hell Gap?
Collateral, trans-medial flaking (no defined medial ridge)
Some overlap with later Scottsbluff point forms
Localized to the Northwestern Plains
Scottsbluf and Eden
A series of stemmed points typically exhibiting collateral flaking forming a definite ridge down the median of the point creating a diamond cross-section
Often associated with a diagnostic tool, the Cody Knife, a specific stemmed or shouldered asymmetrical, bifacial knife

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13
Q

Fletcher Site - Chin Coulee Alberta

A

One of the oldest communal bison kills in Alberta - 9000+
Definitive in situ Alberta Component, with evidence of a possible Scottsbluff component (two fragmentary points) above
Assemblage included a Cody knife, 2 gravers, several scrapers, a spokeshave, a hammerstone, and a grooved stone maul
“Large” number of bison identified in kill - at least 4
Interpreted as an ambush
No structural evidence of a corral

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14
Q

Olsen-Chubbock Site - Colorado

A

Cody Complex (Scottsbluff and Eden ca. 9.400 ybp)
Bison arroyo trap
Summer/or early fall kill
Dense bone deposits remain, why?
13 bison seem to bu unbutchered - 3 distinct layers - at bottom of arroyo - not been broken up
Ate bison tongue
1 kill episode

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15
Q

Nika Site - SW Saskatchewan

A

Not a kill site - homebase of site
6 point stems
8 km southeast of Ponteix, SK
Surface collection of Scottsbluff points and Cody knives
Residential Base Camp
Date 8,745 ± 650 (S-2510) RCYBP from a hearth charcoal sample

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16
Q

Social Organization and Settlement - Plano

A

Lack of burials suggests a high degree of mobility.
Use of “centrally based foraging system”.
Increasing economic diversity
Settle into economic zones

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17
Q

Early Pre-Contact Period - Ongoing Questions/Needs

A
  1. Initial peopling of the plains
  2. Pre-Clovis occupations on the Plains
  3. Site recognition and discovery, geomorphology
  4. Large-scale excavations
  5. More regional studies
  6. Dating of Paleoindian sites
  7. Issues of artifact and site typology
  8. Classification of archaeological complexes
  9. Symbolism and ideology
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18
Q

Holocene Environmental Change

A

Increasing seasonality after 8000 BC diversified plants and fauna.
Originally thought that conditions were too dry to permit human habitation on Plains
Many climatic changes were highly localized

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19
Q

Middle Period Adaptations

A

Change in subsistence strategy
Increased reliance on small and diverse faunal resources
Increased reliance on aquatic resources
Increased reliance on plant resources – grasses and nuts
Introduction of new technologies for acquiring, processing and cooking these foods

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20
Q

Early Middle Period - Northern Plains

A

Pe-Mazama CA. 8,500 – 7,500 years BP
Transitional points

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21
Q

Four examples of sites from Early Middle Period (~7, 800 BP)

A
  1. Boss Hill Site
  2. Hawkwood Site
  3. EgPn-428
  4. Tuscany Site
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22
Q

Boss Hill Site (FdPe-4)

A

Near the shore of Buffalo Lake in east-central Alberta
Occupation at 3 mbs
Campsite
Bipolar reduction
Diverse faunal assemblage
Transitional?

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23
Q

Hawkwood Site (EgPm-179)

A

In Calgary, on Nose Hill
Nose Hill is a remnant upland
Identified during development of Hawkwood subdivision
Multi-component campsite
Earliest occupation is identified as Lusk ca. 8,250 years ago
Salmon River Side Notched Point also recovered
Area used for opportunistic bison hunting
Evidence of marrow extraction

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24
Q

Tuscany Site (EgPn-377)

A

In 12 Mile Coulee Park in Calgary
Multicomponent Campsite
Near edge of Bow River Terrace
5 cultural components – Lusk, Bitterroot, Oxbow, Besant/Old Women’s
Below Mazama Ash
Four radiocarbon dates from the lowest (Lusk Component)
7,840 BP, 7,610 BP
Underlying material dates ca. 10,000 BP
Bison, Antelope
bison, elk, mountain sheep, antelope, deer, black bear, mountain lion, muskrat, hare, cottontail, ruffed grouse, and waterfowl

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25
Q

EgPn-428

A

Paskapoo Slopes, Calgary
Single cultural component (Lusk), below Mazama Ash
Primarily local raw materials (quartzite and Banff Cherts)
High % formed tools vs expedient kills
2 circular areas of cultural debris – households?

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26
Q

Early to Middle Transition

A

Often single component sites that date ca. 7,700, but multicomponent site do occur
Transition occurred during Plains/Mountain and Lusk Complexes over roughly 1,000 years
Faunal assemblages between sites suggest different seasonal strategies or as yet unrecognized cultural diversity
A few small features common
Pounding and grinding tools – resources used thoroughly

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27
Q

Hypsithermal

A

Hot and dry
Period of increase temperature decrease precipitation
Tree lines expanding north
Increased salinity in water

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28
Q

8000-6000 ybp

A

Diversification - increase diet breadth
Storage – seasonal or periodic surplus
Intensification – manage, harvest, preparation, storage
Redistribution – people or resources (sharing or exchange)
Information storage – survival strategies in oral traditions

29
Q

Hypsithermal Impact on Bison

A

Change in bison behavior - emergence of modern bison, including larger herds
Bison concentrate in river valleys and localized uplands with better forage

30
Q

Hypsithermal Impact on Humans

A

Abandonment of the Plains? - evidence in article contradicts this - however there is a decrease in sites - reflects partial abandonment/misclassification of points
Decrease in human habitation
Decrease in occupation intensity with emphasis of refugia

31
Q

Mummy Cave

A

Replace earlier lanceolate points
Side notching increase strength of haft
Lithics
Atlatl dart points
- Blackwater, Bitterroot, Hawken, Gowen, MountAlbion
Primarily side-notched
Subsistence
Dominated by bison hunting
Bison jumps appear in this period
Environment
Start of the Hypsithermal

32
Q

Gowen Sites

A

Most well known which date to mummy period in Canada
2 sites in close proximity, all material in one paleosol - contemporaneous
Nine initial radiocarbon dates clustered around 6,000 RCYBP
Short term bison hunting/temporary processing camp
Saskatoon
A large number of projectile points (96) all attributed to the Mummy Cave Complex
Most faunal remains are bison
Post-holes suggesting a habitation structure
Evidence of hearths in association with pits and large quantities of FCR (fire broken rock) - processing carcass to produce bone grease
Ernie Walker’s seriation of the Gowen site Projectile points used to distinguish at least five subtypes of the Mummy Cave Complex - scheme included 5 different subtypes

33
Q

Cypress Hills, Alberta - A Hypsithermal Refugia

A

Resource become concentrated at refugia
Stable place because lots of geoarchaeological work done
Human populations also concentrated their activities in these refugia
The Cypress Hills is one such refugia

34
Q

Stampede Site

A

Long record of occupation
Even before Mazama eruption
Older than stonehenge and pyramids of giza
Succession of buried soils and intervening sediments
Represent periodic episodes of landscape stability and instability
Darker soil is grade a horizons
Shows people came back again and again
Soil shows episode of landscape stability
Light layers are episode of landscape instability
Pre-Mazama
Campsite occupations that are short term - small hearths
Consist of spall - ash from mazama eruption
Fbr is limited and fracture pattern isn’t consistent with better fbr
Dominated by bison

35
Q

Eruption of Mount Mazama

A

Mount Mazama, SE Oregon ~12,000 ft. (3,660 m)
Eruption created a crater - ash spread over most of western alberta
Caldera collapsed 800m eventually forming Crater Lake

36
Q

Short/Long Term Effects of Eruption of Mount Mazama

A

Lots of thunder
Formation of storm clouds - produced snow instead of rain
Would’ve had darkness
Cooler temperatures
Ash spreading across continent
Temperature would last for 5-6 years
Fauna affected by changed plant life - difficult living conditions - less body fat - lasted for a long time
Ash deposited all over landscape - took a while for vegetation to regrow
Increased erosion/movement of sediments

37
Q

Mazama Ash

A

Visible across a lot of places - pink ash layer
Ash acts as a temporal marker strongly visible in soil profiles
Frequently associated with an underlying A horizon in the Calgary area that dates to about 8,000 years BP

38
Q

Cultural Impacts of the Mazama Ash Fall - Northern Plains

A

Lack of dated archaeological deposits (7,500 – 6,500 RCYBP)
Dramatic increase after 6,000 RCYBP
Abandonment?

39
Q

Stampede Site (Mazama Period)

A

Rapid sedimentation resulting from deteriorating conditions at the height of the Hypsithermal

40
Q

Norby Site

A

Saskatoon , Saskatchewan
3 initial radiocarbon dates clustered around 6,000 RCYBP (bone in poor condition)
Points show a possible transition from late lanceolate (Manitoba point) to Mummy Cave Series notched points
Bison kill ~26 individuals
Bone fragmentary and heavily weathered,
Stable isotope evidence indicates a contemporary hot and arid climate

41
Q

Oxbow Points

A

Flaking is random with large retouch scars giving a less polished look
Side-notched points with a deeply concave base
Shoulders are often rounded and the basal tangs are also rounded into 2 lobes or “ears”

42
Q

Oxbow Distribution and Innovations

A

Present across much of the Central and Northern Plains
Points are also found in the Boreal Forest
Intensification – harvesting and processing foods, trade in exotic goods
Introduction – new transportation technology, new structures, and landscape modification

43
Q

Harder Site Environment

A

Dunfermline Sand Hills
Nearest stream = 20 km away
Edge environment
Open grassland nearby

44
Q

Harder Site (Oxbow)

A

1 of the largest Oxbow campsites
Bison remains – numerous solitary kills
Dwelling floors indicative of circular lodges
Boiling pits and faunal assemblage suggest bone grease preparation
Tooth eruption and wear patterns - winter occupation

45
Q

Harder Site Faunal Assemblage

A

No known Oxbow kill sites
Species present - exploitation of forest, parkland and grassland
Parkland environment most likely
Wolf hunting – to protect kill or obtain camouflage robes
Stress-induced pathology at the distal end of a dog radius

46
Q

Gray Site (Oxbow)

A

NW of Swift Current
Ca, 5,100 – 2,900 ybp
Stabilized sand dune complex

47
Q

Gray Site (Burial Practices)

A

98 graves - 304 individuals in 60% of site
Red ochre
Cemeteries rare in nomadic groups
Attachment to place

48
Q

Gray Site (Grave Goods)

A

Primarily personal possessions
Some special items present such as eagle talons, copper and shell from east, west and gulf coasts
Connections to the east

49
Q

Old Copper Culture

A

In the Great Lakes Region during the Archaic Period
Named for the prominent use of copper to make tools and other items
Trade items (down-the-line trade)
Integrated system

50
Q

Introduction of the Travois

A

Invention of travois
Pathologies on canid bones
Limitations of travois

51
Q

McKean Complex

A

Lithic Technology:
Atlatl
Includes Mckean, Duncan and Hanna points
Subsistence:
Dominated by bison hunting
Environment:
Increasingly severe winters
Neoglacial period begins 4000 ybp, resulting in glacial advance

52
Q

McKean Complex (Variant Co Occurrence)

A

Although the different styles are thought to frequently occur together within specific contexts, there is debate as to what this means
* Interacting ethnic groups
* Styles forming a temporal sequence (McKean>Duncan>Hanna )
* Contemporaneous point types used by several ethnic groups
* Functional interpretation: Spears vs. Darts
* Product of classification schemes

53
Q

McKean Expansion

A

McKean first appears by 4,900 RCYBP in NW Wyoming
* Appears in Canadian plains by about 4,400 RCYBP and shortly thereafter in the parklands
* Present in the Eastern Boreal Forest by 3,800 RCYBP
* Expands to the South/Central Plains by 4,000 RCYBP

54
Q

Cactus Flower Site

A

Rolling Sandhills Terrain in the Suffield Military Range
Circular pattern artifact distribution, central hearth and report of an east facing entrance
Bifaces, gravers, end and side scrapers, spokeshaves, pebble cores, cobble tools, hammerstones, anvils, grinding slabs
Ground stone disks
Bone awls, scrapers, and beads
Antler soft hammers and pressure flakers
Shell beads and disks, tubular stone pipe, fossil ammonite septum

55
Q

McKean General Subsistence

A

McKean demonstrates high adaptability to local resources
Diversification of diet (but still bison…)
Southern/Central Plains heavy use of plant material
Northern Plains more focused on bison

56
Q

McKean Bison Procurement

A

Highly variable from place to place
Opportunistic use of traps, jumps, creek crossings, depressions to kill individual or small groups of animals
Main strategy seems to be talking solitary animals

57
Q

McKean Habitation

A

Variable evidence for dwellings
Increased use of rock shelters in Montana and Wyoming
Possible pit houses at the McKean and Dead Indian Creek sites
Evidence for possible tipi structures at EfPm-2 and Cactus flower site

58
Q

McKean Lifeways

A

Burials
Evidence for a cremation of a bundle burial at the Graham site. Left in hearth. No grave goods.
2 possible McKean period graves at the Gray site, no evidence of Ochre. Shallow interment. No grave goods Trade
Dentallium shell at Crown site suggesting long-distance trade with the Pacific coast

59
Q

Perishables

A

Excavation of dry cave/rockshelter sites with better preservation
Preserved dart foreshafts, cordage basketry, hide clothing, moccasin padding made of grass and hair in Mummy Cave and Leigh Cave sites
It is assumed that such technology was brought north with them into the Canadian plains and peripheries

60
Q

Oxbow and McKean Temporal Overlap

A

Oxbow (5,200 - 3,000) BP
Movement onto Plains from the east
Prompted by climatic amelioration
Diffusion of ideas from the Eastern Woodlands
In situ development from the preceding Mummy Cave complex
Large burial grounds or isolated graves, much ochre
McKean (4,900 - 3,180) BP
Movement onto the Plains from the southwest
Prompted by climatic amelioration
Diffusion of Ideas from the Great Basin
Changes in subsistence strategies – seeds and smaller animals
Trade from the west
Only 1 definitive grave, shallow, no grave goods or ochre

61
Q

Pelican Lake

A

3,250- 1,500 BP
New tech- bison pounding, tipi rings, ceramics,
Lithic Technology:
Atlatl dart points (Samantha points?)
Pelican Lake points are characterized by corner-notching
Subsistence:
Dominated by bison hunting

62
Q

Pelican Lake Phase Distribution

A

Pelican Lake remains are found throughout the Northern Plains
The southeastern boundaries, presumably in the Dakotas is not well-defined.
There are also occasional occurrences in the boreal forest

63
Q

Pelican Lake - Origins and Dispersal

A

Early Pelican Lake sites (~3,330 years BP) are widely distributed
McKean is always found below Pelican Lake (older)
Pelican Lake overlaps with both Oxbow and McKean temporally for about 300 years

64
Q

Subsistence and Habitation

A

Dramatic increase in bison hunting – more kills, larger kills
Circular habitation (most certainly tipis) are the only known structure type. Buried stone circles exist dating to this faces
Campsites appear small, transitory, task-specific, large-scale camps unknown

65
Q

Bow Bottom Site (EePk-272)

A

Stone circle campsite on a T2 terrace of the Bow River in Calgary
Most points recovered are Pelican Lake
rcd ca. 2,600-2,300 BP
Winter occupation

66
Q

Pelican Lake Burials

A

EePk-272 Highwood River Burial site
The Bracken Cairn overlooked the Frenchman River valley in SW Saskatchewan
Other, similar burials are known elsewhere in Saskatchewan, Montana, and Wyoming. A similar burial has also been recently described in Manitoba.
Reeves (1983:6-7) states, “A Pelican Lake burial pattern is now documented for southern Alberta and Saskatchewan”

67
Q

Broken Cairn (DhOb-3)

A

Overlooking the Frenchman River valley, SW Saskatchewan
Excavated by collectors in 1948
Systematically excavated again in 1980
Two bundle burials with 5 individuals
1 adult male: ~ 41 years old
1 adult female: ~ 47 years old
Femur of another male
2 “very young” individuals
Burial pit, covered with earth and ochre
3 m diameter cairn caps the burial
Rcd 2,465 +/- 85 BP
Pelican Lake projectile point, a drill, end scrapers,
side scrapers
Heavily used ground stone pestle
“Pseudo elk tooth” pendants formed on polished bone
Cut and perforated Canada goose humerus
Mandibles and maxillae from 9 swift foxes
a bear canine and a beaver incisor
Small containers fashioned from deer antler burrs
cut and polished bone spatulate tools
3 bone beads
2 gorgets formed on large freshwater clam shells
A rolled native copper fragment

67
Q

Highwood River Burial (EePk-272)

A

Secondary internment – Shallow oval pit
Sediments and artifacts deeply red ochre stained
On prairie level on the highest crest overlooking the Highwood River Valley, 4 km from the confluence of the Highwood and Bow Rivers
Disturbed (ploughing, collection, erosion)
2,725 ±95 RCYBP
2 individuals, both children
Bones heavily stained with red ochre
De-fleshed bundle burials
Pelican Lake point of Knife River Flint
66 drilled bison teeth, 11 drilled grizzly bear claws
Shell beads (both local and from the west cost)
Native copper fragment from Great Lakes

68
Q

Pelican Lake Burial Complex

A

Placed in high, prominent spots with commanding views, often overlooking water
Interment is in small and usually shallow sub-surface pits
Rock cairns sometimes placed over in-filled pits
Typically, secondary bundle burials or primary flexed
Often more than one individual present
Red ochre on human remains, grave goods and in pit fill
Grave goods are common and include Pelican Lake points; various flaked stone tools; native copper; freshwater clam shell; shell beads and gorgets; perforated and unperforated bison and elk teeth, bear claws, and eagle talons; exotic marine shells (Olivella and Dentalium); bone beads and awls; worked antler

Archaeology 321 (2 decks)

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