Midterm Exam Flashcards
Quiz re-caps of Chapters 1, 3, 5, 6, & 7
The main function of the digestive system
Absorption of nutrients
T/F The muscular system is responsible for body movements, maintenance of posture, and production of body heat.
True
what cavity is the liver in?
Abdominopelvic
the collection of ALL chemical reactions in cells that support life
metabolism
what type of feedback loop would uterine contractions during childbirth illustrate?
positive feedback loop
the organ systems responsible for integration and coordination
nervous and endocrine systems
the basic unit of structure and function
the cell
the anatomical term that indicates the structure close to the surface
superficial
the thoracic cavity lies ______ the abdominopelvic cavity
Superior
the lower midportion of the abdomen is called the ____ region
pelvic (hypogastric)
Which way are the hands facing in the anatomical position?
palms facing up
a lengthwise cut that divides the body into right and left portions
sagittal
the most abundant substance in the human body
water
anatomical structures dictate ___________ _______
physiological functions
tendency of the body to maintain a stable internal environment
homeostasis
self-regulating homeostatic control mechanisms usually operate by a process known as
negative feedback
A parietal layer of a serous membrane lines ______, where a visceral layer of a serous membrane covers ______.
cavities, organs
the ability of an organ to sense and react to changes in its body illustrates ______, a characteristic of life
responsiveness
living energy stores in the molecules of food stored in _______
food
the elbow is ____ to the wrist
distal
the membrane directly on the surface of the heart
visceral pericardium
blood cells are produced in the organs of the _____ system
skeletal
T/F all cell types can divide a limitless number of times
False
the main function of cristae in mitochondria is to
increase the surface area for chemical reactions to occur
the defining characteristics of a stem cell
self-renewal
the process by which cells specialize
differentiation
osmosis, simple diffusion, and facilitated diffusion are all forms of ________ diffusion
passive
the three major parts of a cell
nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane
chloride ions follow the concentration gradient but require a membrane protein for passage. Which transport method is occurring?
facilitated diffusion
where are carbohydrates converted to lipids through lipogenesis
smooth ER
programmed cell death
apoptosis
In _________, a cell membrane engulfs solid particles
endocytosis
The two types of genes that, when abnormal, cause cancer
tumor suppressors and oncogenes
the major components of the cell membrane are
lipids and proteins
the organelle where energy is captures and stored in the chemical bonds of ATP, also called the ‘powerhouse of the cell’ is the
mitochondrion
a tiny, membranous sac that contains enzymes that degrade word cell parts and debris
lysosome
what happens if a red blood cell is placed in a hypotonic soloution?
the cell will take on water, swell, and may eventually burst
the movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane to a solution containing a higher concentration of impermeant solute
osmosis
the movement of molecules through a membrane by ______ requires hydrostatic pressure
filtration
An _______ solution has the same osmotic pressure as the cells in the solution
Isotonic
The function of the _______ is to direct the activities of the cell
Nucleus
Allows some substances to pass through and excludes others
selectively permeable membrane
a ______ solution has a greater concentration (number) of solute particles than do the cells in the solution
Hypertonic
smooth muscle tissue and skeletal muscle tissue
involuntary muscle
the tissue that forms the inner lining of the respiratory passages is
mucus-secreting, ciliated, and pseudostratified
support and bind nervous tissue and provide nutrients and growth factors to neurons by connecting them to blood vessels
neuroglia
the study of tissues
histology
the basic cells of the nervous system. they are highly specialized, sense changes in their surroundings, and respond by transmitting electrical impulses along their axons
Neurons
lines tubes and cavities that open to the outside of the body
mucous membranes
consists of ground substance and fibers
extracellular matrix
a form of connective tissue commonly known as fat
adipose tissue
the type of epithelium that lines the urinary bladder and permits distensibility
transitional epithelium
the tissue through which gasses are exchanged between the blood and the air in the lungs
simple squamous epithelial
tendons and ligaments are composed primarily of
dense regular connective tissues
one of the four tissue types and is found in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves
nervous tissue
a type of connective tissue that is composed of cells suspended in a fluid extracellular matrix and functions in transporting gasses and defending against disease
blood
connects epithelial tissue to connective tissue
basement membrane
the functions of _______ tissue are secretion, absorption, and protection
epithelial
muscle cells with more than one nucleus
skeletal muscle cells
a ______ gland branches repeatedly before reaching the glandular cells or secretory part
compound
T/F a mucous secreting goblet cell is a unicellular gland
true
the muscle tissue that can be voluntarily controlled is
skeletal
muscle found in the walls of the stomach and intestines
smooth
the type of epithelium that secretes into ducts that open into surfaces like skin or into body fluids
glandular epithelium
T/F skin is a synovial membrane
false
Describe the pigment granules of melanocytes in very dark skin
single, large
body heat is lost primarily by
radiation
the layers of the epidermis in order from most superficial to deep.
corneum, spinosum, granulosum, basale
The later of the epidermis found only in locations such as the palms of the hands and soles of the feet
stratum lucidum
brownish-black and reddish yellowish pigments
eumelanin and phenomelanin
acne is a disorder of the
sebaceous glands
the layer of the epidermis that includes melanocytes and a single row of columnar cells that undergo mitosis is the
stratum basale
a burn affecting only the epidermis is a
first degree burn
respond primarily to elevated blood temps
eccrine sweat glands
Skin cells play an important role in the synthesis of _______ _____ with exposure to the sun
vitamin D
The dermis is composed largely of
Dense irregular connective tissue
responsible for sense of light touch
Meissner’s (tactile) corpuscles
sweating cools the body by
evaporation
apocrine sweat glands are most abundant in the
axilla
‘degree of nines’ is used to estimate the
surface area of the burn
UV light stimulates synthesis of
melanin
the hardness of a nail comes from
keratin
these glands secrete fat globules that mix with cellular debris, forming sebum
sebaceous glands
