Midterm Exam Flashcards
AIS
framework of interacting parts that work together to achieve an objective
4 components of AIS
people, processes, technologies, controls
Data vs. Information
data = facts stored in system (number, date, name) info = put into context (put into invoices)
5 attributes of useful info
o Relevant
o Reliable
o Timely
o Complete
o understandable
value of information “equation”
benefits-costs
give-get exchanges ex.
Revenue: give goods / give service—get cash
data input capture
info collected for an activity
data input documents
captures data at the source when transaction takes place
coding techniques
sequence, block, group, mnemonic
sequence codes
items numbered consecutively to account for all items
block code
blocks of numbers reserved for specific categories of data
group codes
two or more subgroups of digits used to code items (i.e., clothing: first
mnemonic codes
letters and numbers interspersed to identify an item
crud
- Creating new records
- Reading existing data
- Updating previous record or data
- Deleting data
information output
Data stored in the database files can be viewed
eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL)
standard for Internet communication between businesses
blockchain distributed and decentralized
The data are distributed and
synchronized among all the participants in the network
blockchain consensus
All parties will be aware of transactions that
take place on the network and agree to the transactions
being written to the blockchain
blockchain immutability
Once transactions are confirmed on the
blockchain, they are tamperproof and cannot be altered.
blockchain proof of work
All miners compete to create the next block to be committed to the blockchain. This is done by solving a complex mathematical problem
blockchain proof of authority
The administrator identities who creating blocks are known and reputable
blockchain proof of stake
A set of validators who propose the next block lock up an amount of their cryptocurrency as a deposit to ensure honest behavior.
hashing
process that takes plaintext of any length and creates a
short code called a message digest, popularly referred to as a hash
ai
Program code that tis intended to mimic human
intelligence to accomplish a task
robotic process automation
Software that uses business rules and a predefined
activity to autonomously complete tasks in unrelated software systems
machine learning
A subset of AI that relies on large amounts
of data to learn patterns to use in algorithms for decision-making
classification vs regression
- Classification = seeks to assign labels, dividing the input into output groups, such as:
- Yes or No.
- Spam or Not Spam
- Regression: seeks to predict real numbers, such as:
- The price of a house.
- The revenue in next quarter.
supervised learning
Output is a known set of variables
o * Neural networks predict the output by using the input dataset
o * The data includes pairs of inputs and outputs
unsupervised learning
Uses unstructured data rather than labeled data
o * No input-output pairs
semi-supervised learning
Some data are labeled, but labels could be
incorrect or missing
type 1 error
false positive
type 2 error
false negative
neural networks
mathematical models that convert inputs to
outputs/predictions, can be nested together.
document flowchart
Shows the flow of documents and data for a process, useful in evaluating internal controls
internal control flowchart
Used to describe, analyze, and evaluate internal controls
system flowchart
Depicts the relationships among system input, processing, storage, and output
program flowchart
Illustrates the sequence of logical operations performed
by a computer in executing a program
advantages of databases
o Data is integrated
o * Data sharing
o * Minimize data redundancy and inconsistencies
o * Data is independent of the programs that use the data (use DBMS
o between users and database)
o * Data is easily accessed for reporting and cross-functional analysis
data storage
Efficiently and centrally coordinates information for a related group of files
entity integrity rule
- All tables must have a primary key.
- All primary keys must have unique values.
- Primary keys cannot be blank (null)
referential integrity rule
IF a foreign key is not null, it must have a value that corresponds to the value of a
primary key in another table
update anamoly
multiple update operations required that should be
accomplished with one
insertion anomaly
when records cannot be added
deletion anomaly
when records cannot be removed
conceptual level schema
(wide view of entire database, data elements, and relationships)
external level schema
logical/user view
internal level schema
physical view
system development life cycle
process of creating or modifying info to meet needs of users
feasibility analysis
Costs analysis, does it use existing tech, is it legal, can it be developed in an allotted time, do you have the resources to implement it
data gathering methods
interviews, questionnaires, observation, systems documentation
select a system
benchmark problem, point scoring, requirement costing
testing the system
walk-throughs, processing test data, acceptance tests
system conversion
Direct conversion
Parallel conversion
Phase-in conversion
Pilot conversion
direct conversion
Terminates the old and begins with the new system
parallel conversion
Operate old and new systems for a period of time
phase in conversion
Gradual replacement of old elements with new system elements
pilot conversion
Implement a system in a part of an organization (e.g., a branch)
behavioral problems
- Fear
- Lack of top management support
- Bad prior experiences
- Poor communication
- Disruption
- How change is introduced
- Biases and emotions
Age
