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Mammography > Midterm Exam > Flashcards

Midterm Exam Flashcards

Supernumerary breast

1
Q

-Supernumerary breast
- abnormal accessory breast tissue is found in addition to normal breast tissue

A

Polymastia

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2
Q

Supernumerary nipples

A

Polythelia

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3
Q

-combination of chest wall and
upper-limb anomalies that are generally unilateral although
a few bilateral cases have been reported.
- It is more frequent in males and on the right side. The
prevalence, approximately 1 in 20,000 to 30,000 births,1 is
thought to be underestimated.

A

POLAND
SYNDROME

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4
Q

are congenital deformities of
breast. They are defined by reduced
parenchymal volume and herniation of breast
tissue through the nipple-areola complex.

A

TUBULAR/TUBEROU
S BREAST

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5
Q

Breast asymmetry on a mammogram report means that
part of the breast looks different from other parts of the
same breast or the other breast.1 This is often due to
benign (not harmful) changes.

A

IDIOPATHIC
ASYMMETRY

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6
Q

absence of the
entire breast — including the breast
tissue, nipple and areola.

A

AMASTIA

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7
Q

is an increase in the amount of breast
gland tissue in boys or men. An imbalance of the
hormones estrogen and testosterone causes it.

A

GYNECOMA
STIA

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8
Q

The breast should be
inspected with the patient
seated in the following
positions:

A

-hands pressing on the top
of the head

-arms raised in the air

-arms at the side

-hands pressing on the
hips

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9
Q

Inspection

A

lump, skin dimpling, change in skin color or texture, change in how nipple looks, like pulling in of the nipple, clear or bloody fluid that leaks out of the nipple

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10
Q

need additional imaging evaluation and/or for mammography, obtaining previous images not available at the time of reading

A

BI-RADS 0: incomplete

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11
Q

BI-RADS

A

BREAST IMAGING-REPORTING AND DATA SYSTEM

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12
Q

symmetrical and no masses, architectural distortion, or suspicious calcifications

A

BI-RADS 1: negative

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13
Q

0% probability of malignancy

A

BI-RADS 2: benign

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14
Q

<2% probability of malignancy

short interval follow-up suggested

A

BI-RADS 3: probably benign

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15
Q

2-95% probability of malignancy

A

BI-RADS 4: suspicious for malignancy

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16
Q

low suspicion for malignancy (2-9%)

A

BI-RADS 4A

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17
Q

moderate suspicion for malignancy (10-49%)

A

BI-RADS 4B:

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18
Q

high suspicion for malignancy (50-94%)

A

BI-RADS 4C

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19
Q

-highly suggestive of malignancy
->95% probability of malignancy

-appropriate action should be taken

A

BI-RADS 5

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20
Q

known biopsy-proven malignancy

A

BI-RADS 6

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21
Q

-an area of abnormal breast tissue with a shape and margins that make it look different than the rest of the breast tissue

A

MASSES

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22
Q

Round, oval, lobular or irregular Circumscribed oval and round masses -

A

BENIGN Ill

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23
Q

Indistinct, irregular or speculated masses

A

MALIGNANT

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24
Q

Circumscribed (low malignancy), microlobulated, obscured (partially hidden by adjacent tissue), indistinct (ill-defined), or spiculated (characterized by lines radiating from the mass)

A

margin

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25
Q

round, circumscribed

A

cyst

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26
Q

lobular, circumscribed

A

fibro adenomas

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27
Q

Generally suspicious of malignancy

A

indisticnt

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28
Q

Highly suggestive of malignancy.

A

speculated

29
Q

irregular shape and
indistinct or spiculated margins

A

MALIGNANT

30
Q

The breast tissue most sensitive to cancer
by radiation is

A

glandular tissue

31
Q

Highest incident of breast cancer is
located

A

upper outer/lateral
quadrant of the breast.

32
Q
  • Frequently encountered at screening
    and diagnostic mammography
  • May indicated neoplasm, palpable
    masses
  • refers to a greater volume or density
    of breast tissue in one breast than in
    the corresponding area in the
    contralateral breast
  • Difficult to evaluate
  • Common cause is post-surgical scarring
A

ASYMMETRIC DENSITY

33
Q

seen on two mammographic
views but cannot be
accurately identified as a
true mass
* Can be found in normal
breast tissue.

A

FOCAL ASYMMETRIC DENSITY

34
Q

Calcium deposits in breast
* White spots or flecks in mammogram
* Common above 50 years old
* Noncancerous or benign

A

CALCIFICATION

35
Q

Tight clusters with irregular shapes
and fine appearance –

A

precancerous

36
Q

large white dots or
dashes
-almost always noncancerous
-require no further test not follow up

A

Macrocalcifications –

37
Q
A
38
Q

-fine, white specks, similar to grain of
salts
-usually noncancerous
-be aware of the pattern

A

Microcalcification

39
Q

as fine as 50 micrometer must be adequately visualized

A

Sufficient spatial resolution

40
Q

low- energy x-rays

A

Adequate contrast

41
Q

composition of the breast and age dependency

A

Broad dynamic range

42
Q

compatible to diagnostic image

A

Lowest absorbed dose

43
Q

P.E. absorption predominates Compton scattering therefore enhances contrast resolution.

A

Low kVp

44
Q

effective compromise between increasing dose and reduced image quality at high kVp

A

23 to 28 kVp

45
Q

better in viewing
microcalcifications

A

Smaller focal spot

46
Q

0.3mm – contact
mammography

A

Large focal-spot

47
Q

0.1mm - magnification
Focal-spot shape

A

Small focal-spot

48
Q

rectangular

A

rectangular

49
Q

circular

A

preferred

50
Q

is on the chest wall
for easier positioning and to
address the Anode-heel effect.

A
  • Cathode (-)
51
Q

COMPRESSION

A
  1. Tissues are closer to IR.
  2. Focal-spot blur is reduced.
  3. Absorption blur and scatter radiation
    reduction.
  4. Reduction of motion blur.
  5. Reduces tissue superimposition.
  6. Contrast resolution improvement.
52
Q
A
52
Q

Immobilization of breast

A

reduced motion blur

53
Q

uniform thickness

A

uniform x-ray exposure of the image receptor

54
Q

reduced scatter radiation

A

improved contrast resolution

55
Q

shorter OID

A

improved spatial resolution

56
Q

thinner tissue

A

reduced patient radiation dose

57
Q

high-transmission cellular grid (crosses grid) orthogonal direction
-clean up characteristic that reduces scatter radiation in two
directions
-improve scatter rejection

A

HTCG

58
Q

grid strip

A

copper

59
Q

HTCG

A

high-transmission cellular grid

60
Q

AEC

A

automatic exposure control

60
Q

–measure intensity and quality of x-ray at the image receptor
-positioned after the IR to prevent shadow casting
- Decrease OID
- Increase spatial resolution

A

Phototimers

60
Q

CAEC

A

compensated AEC

60
Q

ionization chamber and solid-state diode

A

Radiation detectors

61
Q
  • Frequently used technique in mammography.
  • Produces images twice the normal size.
  • Requires special equipment such as microfocus x-ray tubes, adequate
    compression, and patient positioning devices.
  • Effective focal-spot should not exceed to 0.1mm.
  • Should not be used routinely.
    Purpose:
    Investigate small, suspicious lesions or microcalcifications.
    Downside:
    Incomplete breast image and increased patient dose.
A

Magnification mammography

62
Q
  • direct-exposure film,
  • xeroradiography,
  • *screen film, and
  • *digital detectors
    -single film emulsion to single back screen
    -increase contrast
    Avoids light crossover
    Emulsion grain – from tabular to cubic grain (0.5 to 0.9
    micrometer) for better contrast
A

Screen-Film Mammography

63
Q
  • Screen-film
  • Digital mammography- Spatial resolution is limited by
    pixel size.
    2006, DMIST (digital mammography imaging study trial) –
    increased in availability and use of digital
    mammographic units
  • Compare the efficiency of digital mammography to
    scree-film mammography
  • Even/equal for imaging mature, fatty breasts
  • Superior in imaging younger, denser breasts
    (postprocessing)
    allows visualization of all shades of gray
    helpful when evaluating soft tissue images
A

Digital mammography (DM)

64
Q

DMIST

A

digital mammography imaging study trial

Mammography (1 decks)

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