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HPS 0613 Morality & Medicine > Midterm Exam > Flashcards

Midterm Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What is moral philosophy about?

A

Moral philosphy is about what we ought to do in a certain situation.

  • What is morally right or morally wrong?
  • What is good or bad?
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2
Q

What is bioethics?

A

The moral philosphy of medicine

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3
Q

What is meant by an argument?

A

Arguments are propositions/facts presented in logical support of a conclusion.

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4
Q

Deductive Logic

A

The premises contain/indicate the conclusion; if the premises are true, the conclusion must be true.

The argument “draws out” the conclusion from the premises.

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5
Q

Inductive Logic

A

The premises provide evidence (or raise the probability) for the conclusion; even if the premises are true, the conclusion can be false.

The conclusion extends beyond (infers from) what is contained in the premises.

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6
Q

Ex: Deductive Logic

A

Mathematical Proof

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7
Q

Ex: Inductive Logic

A

Generalization about Society

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8
Q

What are secular moral philosphical arguments based on?

A

Normative Ethical Principles/Theories

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9
Q

Levels of Moral Discourse

A
  • Cases
  • Rules, Rights, Codes
  • Normative Ethics
  • Metaethics
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10
Q

Moral Discourse: Cases

A

The facts of the case

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11
Q

Moral Discourse: Rules, Rights, Codes

A

The basic rules, fundamental rights, and institutional ethical codes pertaining to the case

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12
Q

Moral Discourse: Normative Ethics

A

The principles of right action, the values, or the virtues of the case

What is ethical?

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13
Q

Moral Discourse: Metaethics

A

The source of ethics for the case

How do we know what is ethical?

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14
Q

What are the sources of ethics?

Metaethics

A
  • Religious: Divine Will, Divine Law
  • Secular: Natural Law, Hypothetical Contracts
  • Relativist: Culture, Personal Preferences, Social Contracts
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15
Q

How do we know what is ethical?

Metaethics

A
  • Religious: Revelation, Scripture, Experience, Church Experience
  • Secular: Reason, Intuition, Social Contract, Experience/Observation
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16
Q

Simple Method of Moral Discourse

A
  • Facts
  • Concepts
  • Values
  • Logic
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17
Q

What makes an argument valid?

A

If the conclusion logically follows from the premises

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18
Q

What makes an argument sound?

A
  • If the conclusion logically follows from the premises
  • If the premises are true
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19
Q

Valid Inference Rules

A
  • Modus Ponens
  • Modus Tollens
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20
Q

Modus Ponens

A
  1. If A is true, then B is true
  2. A is true
  3. Therefore, B is true
21
Q

Modus Tollens

A
  1. If A is true, then B is true
  2. B is not true
  3. Therefore, A is not true
22
Q

Formal Logical Fallacies

A
  • Affirming the Consequent
  • Denying the Antecedent
23
Q

Af

Affirming the Consequent

Logical Fallacy

A
  1. If A is true, then B is true
  2. B is true
  3. Therefore, A is true
24
Q

Denying the Antecedent

Logical Fallacy

A
  1. If A is true, then B is true
  2. A is not true
  3. Therefore, B is not true
25
Q

Informal Logical Fallacies

A
  • Argumentum ad Hominem (Argument against Person)
  • Tu Quoque (Hypocrisy)
  • Argumentum ad Populum (Appeal to Populace)
  • Straw Man Argument (Mischaracterization)
  • Appeal to Authority
  • Red Herring (Irrevelance)
  • Begging the Question (Petitio Principii)
  • Slippery Slope Argument
  • Argument from Nature
  • False Dichotomy
  • Equivocation
  • No-True-Scotsman Fallacy (Appeal to Purity)
  • Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc
  • Ten-Leaky-Buckets Tactic
26
Q

Argumentum ad Hominem

Argument against Person

A

An argument against an opponent personally (rather than against the opponent’s argument/conclusion)

27
Q

Tu Quoque

Hypocrisy

A

An argument that accuses an opponent of hypocrisy. (While the opponent does not practice what they preach, what they preach is not necessarily incorrect.)

Tu Quoque is a type of Argument ad Hominem fallacy.

28
Q

Argumentum ad Populum

Appeal to Populace

A

An argument for a conclusion that appeals to public sentiments (e.g. patriotism, status, wealth, sex)

29
Q

Appeal to Authority

A

An argument that appeals to an irrelevant authority figure/group. (Even if an individual with status agrees with the argument/logic, the argument logic is not necessarily valid.)

30
Q

Straw Man Argument

Mischaracterization

A

An argument that mischaracterizes an opponent’s argument/conclusion to make it easier to defeat.

The argument claims to defeat the opponent’s argument, but the argument only defeats a “straw man” version of the opponent’s argument.

31
Q

Red Herring

Irrelevance

A

An argument that introduces an irrelevant issue/topic to distract from the subject under debate

32
Q

What are fallacies of relevance?

A

Arguments that rely on premises that are not logically relevant to the conclusion(s)

33
Q

Fallacies of Relevance

Informal Fallacies

A
  • Argumentum ad Hominem
  • Tu Quoque
  • Argumentum ad Populum
  • Appeal to Authority
  • Straw Man Argument
  • Red Herring
34
Q

General Informal Fallacies

Informal Fallacies

A
  • Begging the Question
  • Slippery Slope Argument
  • Argument from Nature
  • No-True-Scotsman Argument
  • False Dichotomy
  • Equivocation
  • Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc
  • Ten-Leaky-Buckets Argument
35
Q

Begging the Question

Petitio Principii

A

An argument where the premises assume the truth of the conclusion.

To beg the question is to make a circular argument.

36
Q

Slippery Slope Argument

A

An argument that the acceptance of the opponent’s position will make it difficult/impossible to avoid accepting increasingly extreme positions.

37
Q

Appeal from Nature

A

An argument claiming that something is dangerous/wrong because it is “unnatural”.

38
Q

False Dichotomy

A

An argument forcing someone to accept one of only two opposing positions when there are more alternatives available.

39
Q

No-True-Scotsman Fallacy

Appeal to Purity

A

An argument defending a generalization against counterexamples by excluding the counterexamples by definition.

39
Q

Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc

“After This, therefore, Because of This”

A

An argument implying that a first event caused the second even just because the two events happened successively.

39
Q

Equivocation

A

An argument that makes a technically true, but misleading, statement/premise.

Equivocation often involves using a word/term with multiple meanings without specifying its intended meaning.

39
Q

Ten-Leaky-Buckets Tactic

A

An argument for a conclusion that offers a series of unsound premises in its favor, as if the number of supporting premises will increase the conclusion’s validity.

39
Q

Facts

A

True Statements about the World

Facts = Statements that correlate to how the world actually is.

40
Q

Beliefs

A

Statements of What are Thought to be the Facts

Beliefs can be right or wrong.

40
Q

Cultural Relativism

A

Moral statements are judged to be true or false relative to the culture’s specific values.

There are no absolute moral truths.

41
Q

Advantage: Cultural Relativism

A

Not Ethnocentric: Cultural relativism does NOT rank moral belief systems across cultures on a hierarchy (with one dominant belief system at the top).

42
Q

Disadvantage: Cultural Relativism

A

Impossible to Criticize: Moral relativism can make it impossible to morally criticize a culture’s values (from without or from within).

43
Q

Tenets of Utilitarianism

A
  • Consequentialism: Consequences matter
  • Maximization: Number of beings affected by a consequence matters
  • Theory of Value: Definition of “good” consequence(s)
  • Scope-of-Morality Premise: Each being’s happiness counts as a happiness unit (up to certain boundary)
44
Q
A

HPS 0613 Morality & Medicine (1 decks)

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