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SOC 202 > Midterm Exam > Flashcards

Midterm Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Tendency to attribute people’s achievements and failures to their
personal qualities

A

Individualistic Explanation

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2
Q

Way of examining human life that focuses on the broad social forces and structural
features of society that exist above the level of individual people

A

Macro Level

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3
Q

Way of examining human life that focuses on the immediate, everyday experiences
of individuals

A

Micro Level

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4
Q

Sociological Imagination

A

Ability to see the impact of social forces on our private lives

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5
Q

The systematic study of human societies

A

Sociology

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6
Q

Social position acquired through our own efforts or accomplishments or taken
on voluntarily

A

Achieved Status

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7
Q

Social position acquired at birth or taken on involuntarily later in life

A

Ascribed Status

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8
Q

Theoretical perspective that views the structure of society as a source of
inequality that always benefits some groups at the expense of other groups

A

Conflict perspective

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9
Q

Language, values, beliefs, rules, behaviors, and artifacts that characterize a society

A

Culture

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10
Q

Theoretical perspective that focuses on gender as the most important
source of conflict and inequality in social life

A

Feminist perspective

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11
Q

: Process through which people’s lives all around the world become economically,
politically, environmentally, and culturally interconnected

A

Globalization

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12
Q

Set of people who interact more or less regularly and who are conscious of their identity
as a unit

A

Group

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13
Q

The groups to which we belong and toward which we feel a sense of loyalty

A

In-Groups

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14
Q

Unintended, unrecognized consequences of activities that help some part of
the social system

A

Latent Function

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15
Q

Intended, obvious consequences of activities designed to help some part of
the social system

A

Manifest Functions

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16
Q

Culturally defined standard or rule of conduct

A

Norm

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17
Q

Large, complex network of positions created for a specific purpose and
characterized by a hierarchical division of labor

A

Organization

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18
Q

The groups to which we don’t belong and toward which we feel a certain amount
of antagonism

A

Out groups

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19
Q

Collection of individuals who are together for a relatively long period, whose
members have direct contact with and feel emotional attachment to one another

A

Primary Group

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20
Q

Set of expectations—rights, obligations, behaviors, duties—associated with a particular
status

A

Role

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21
Q

Frustration people feel when the demands of one role they are expected to fulfill
clash with the demands of another role

A

Role Conflict

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22
Q

Situations in which people lack the necessary resources to fulfill the demands of a
particular role

A

Role Strain

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23
Q

Relatively impersonal collection of individuals that is established to perform a
specific task

A

Secondary group

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24
Q

Stable set of roles, statuses, groups, and organizations—such as the
institution of education, family, politics, religion, health care, or the economy—that provides a
foundation for behavior in some major area of social life

A

Social Institution

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25
Q

A population of people living in the same geographic area who share a culture and a
common identity and whose members are subject to the same political authority

A

Society

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26
Q

Any named social position that people can occupy

A

Status

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27
Q

Theoretical perspective that posits that social institutions
are structured to maintain stability and order in society

A

Structural Functionalist Perspective

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28
Q

Something used to represent or stand for something else

A

Symbol

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29
Q

Theoretical perspective that explains society and social structure
through an examination of the microlevel, personal, day-to-day exchanges of people as
individuals, pairs, or groups

A

Symbolic interactionalism

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30
Q

Standard of judgment by which people decide on desirable goals and outcome analysis of existing data: Type of unobtrusive research that relies on data gathered earlier by
someone else for some other purpose

A

Value

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31
Q

Form of unobtrusive research that studies the content of recorded messages,
such as books, speeches, poems, songs, television shows, websites, and advertisements

A

Content Analysis

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32
Q

Variable that is assumed to be caused by, or to change as a result of, the
independent variable

A

Dependent Variable

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33
Q

Research that operates from the ideological position that questions about
human behavior can be answered only through controlled, systematic observations in the real
world

A

Empirical Research

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34
Q

Research method designed to elicit some sort of behavior, typically conducted
under closely controlled laboratory circumstances

A

Experiment

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35
Q

Type of social research in which the researcher observes events as they actually
occur

A

Field Research

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36
Q

Form of social research that relies on existing historical documents as a
source of data

A

Historical Analysis

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37
Q

Researchable prediction that specifies the relationship between two or more
variables

A

Hypotheses

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38
Q

Unquestioned cultural belief that cannot be proved wrong no matter
what happens to dispute it

A

Incorrigible proposition

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39
Q

Variable presumed to cause or influence the dependent variable

A

Independant variable

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40
Q

Measurable event, characteristic, or behavior commonly thought to reflect a
particular concept

A

Indicator

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41
Q

Form of field research in which the researcher observes people
without directly interacting with them and without letting them know that they are being
observed

A

Non Participant observation

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42
Q

Form of field research in which the researcher interacts with subjects,
sometimes hiding his or her identity

A

Participant observation

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43
Q

Capable only of identifying those forces that have a high likelihood, but not a
certainty, of influencing human action

A

probabilistic

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44
Q

Sociological research based on nonnumeric information (text, written
words, phrases, symbols, observations) that describes people, actions, or events in social life
quantitative research: Sociological research based on the collection of numeric data that uses
precise statistical analysis

A

Qualitative research

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45
Q

A problem associated with certain forms of research in which the very act of
intruding into people’s lives may influence the phenomenon being studied

A

Reactivity

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46
Q

Typical of the whole population being studied

A

Representative

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47
Q

Subgroup chosen for a study because its characteristics approximate those of the
entire population

A

Sample

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48
Q

Assumption or prediction that in itself causes the expected event to
occur, thus seeming to confirm the prophecy’s accuracy

A

Self fulfilling prophecy

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49
Q

Process through which the members of a society discover, make
known, reaffirm, and alter a collective version of facts, knowledge, and “truth”

A

Social construction of reality

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50
Q

A false association between two variables that is actually due to the
effect of some third variable

A

Spurious relationship

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51
Q

Form of social research in which the researcher asks subjects a series of questions
verbally, online, or on paper

A

Survey

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52
Q

Set of statements or propositions that seeks to explain or predict a particular aspect of
social life

A

Theory

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53
Q

Research technique in which the researcher, without direct contact with
the subjects, examines the evidence of social behavior that people create or leave behind
variable: Any characteristic, attitude, behavior, or event that can take on two or more values or
attribute

A

Unobtrusive research

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54
Q

Principle that people’s beliefs and activities should be interpreted in terms
of their own culture

A

cultural relativism

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55
Q

Tendency to judge other cultures using one’s own as a standard

A

ethnocentrism

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56
Q

Informal norm that is mildly punished when violated

A

folkway

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57
Q

Culture in which heterosexuality is accepted as the normal, taken-for-granted mode of sexual expression

A

heteronormative culture

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58
Q

Pattern of behavior within existing social institutions that is widely
accepted in a society

A

Institutionalized norm

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59
Q

Category of individuals in whom sexual differentiation is either incomplete or
ambiguous (also known as people with disorders of sex development)

A

intersex

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60
Q

: Artifacts of a society that represent adaptations to the social and physical
environment

A

material culture

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61
Q

Highly codified, formal, systematized norms that bring severe punishment when
violated

A

mores

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62
Q

: Knowledge, beliefs, customs, values, morals, and symbols that are shared
by members of a society and that distinguish the society from others

A

nonmaterial culture

63
Q

Social response that punishes or otherwise discourages violations of a social norm

A

sanction

64
Q

: Belief that two biological sex categories, male and female, are permanent,
universal, exhaustive, and mutually exclusive

A

sexual dichotomy

65
Q

Set of norms governing how one is supposed to behave and what one is entitled to
when sick

A

sick role

66
Q

Values, behaviors, and artifacts of a group that distinguish its members from the
larger culture

A

subculture

67
Q

: Process through which people acquire the values and orientations
found in statuses they will likely enter in the future

A

anticipatory process

68
Q

Various individuals, groups, and organizations that influence the
socialization process

A

agents of socialization

69
Q

Culture in which personal accomplishments are less important in the
formation of identity than group membership

A

collectivist culture

70
Q

Stage in the development of self during which a child acquires the ability to take
the role of a group or community (the generalized other) and conform their behavior to broad
societal expectations

A

game stage

71
Q

Psychological, social, and cultural aspects of masculinity and femininity

A

gender

72
Q

Perspective of the larger society and its constituent values and attitudes
identity: Essential aspect of who we are, consisting of our sense of self, gender, race, ethnicity,
and religion

A

generalized other

73
Q

Culture in which personal accomplishments are a more important
component of one’s self-concept than group membership

A

individualist culture

74
Q

: Sense of who we are that is defined by incorporating the reflected appraisals
of others

A

looking glass self

75
Q

Stage in the development of self during which a child develops the ability to take a
role, but only from the perspective of one person at a time

A

play stage

76
Q

Behavior in which the person initiating an action is the same as the person
toward whom the action is directed

A

reflexive behavior

77
Q

Process of learning new values, norms, and expectations when an adult leaves
an old role and enters a new one

A

resocialization

78
Q

Ability to see oneself from the perspective of others and to use that perspective in
formulating one’s own behavior

A

role taking

79
Q

Unique set of traits, behaviors, and attitudes that distinguishes one person from the next;
the active source and passive object of behavior

A

self

80
Q

Biological maleness or femaleness

A

sex

81
Q

Process through which one learns how to act according to the rules and
expectations of a particular culture

A

socialization

82
Q

Place where individuals are cut off from the wider society for an appreciable
period and where together they lead an enclosed, formally administered life
tracking: Grouping of students into different curricular programs, or tracks, based on an
assessment of their academic abilities

A

total institution

83
Q

Area of social interaction away from the view of an audience, where people can
rehearse and rehash their behavior

A

back stage

84
Q

Study of social interaction as theater, in which people (“actors”) project images
(“play roles”) in front of others (“audience”)

A

dramaturgy

85
Q

Area of social interaction where people perform and work to maintain appropriate
impressions

A

front stage

86
Q

The process by which we define others based on observable cues such as
age, ascribed status characteristics such as race and gender, individual attributes such as
physical appearance, and verbal and nonverbal expressions

A

impression formation

87
Q

Act of presenting a favorable public image of oneself so that others
will form positive judgment

A

impression management

88
Q

Deeply discrediting characteristic that is viewed as an obstacle to competent or morally
trustworthy behavior

A

stigma

89
Q

Marriage/intimate relations within one’s social group

A

endogamy

90
Q

Marriage/intimate relations outside one’s social group

A

exogamy

91
Q

Family unit consisting of the parent–child nuclear family and other relatives,
such as grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins

A

extended family

92
Q

Two or more persons, including the householder, who are related by birth, marriage, or
adoption and who live together as one household

A

family

93
Q

Living arrangement composed of one or more people who occupy a housing unit

A

household

94
Q

Living arrangement in which a married couple sets up residence separate
from either spouse’s family

A

neolocal residence

95
Q

Family unit consisting of at least one parent and one child

A

nuclear family

96
Q

Approach to defining deviance that rests on the assumption that all human
behavior can be considered either inherently good or inherently bad

A

absolutism

97
Q

Official definition of an act of deviance as a crime

A

Criminalization

98
Q

Theory of deviance positing that people will be prevented from engaging in
a deviant act if they judge the costs of such an act to outweigh its benefits

A

Deterrence theory

99
Q

Behavior, ideas, or attributes of an individual or group that some people in society
find offensive

A

deviance

100
Q

Theory stating that deviance is the consequence of the application of rules and
sanctions to an offender; a deviant is an individual to whom the identity “deviant” has been
successfully applied

A

labeling theory

101
Q

Definition of behavior as a medical problem, mandating the medical profession
to provide some kind of treatment for it

A

medicalization

102
Q

Approach to defining deviance that rests on the assumption that deviance is socially
created by collective human judgments and ideas

A

relativism

103
Q

Large hierarchical organization governed by formal rules and regulations and
having clearly specified work task

A

beuracracy

104
Q

Subdivision of low-level jobs into small, highly specific tasks requiring less skilled
employees

A

de-skilling

105
Q

Specialization of different people or groups in different tasks, characteristic of
most bureaucracies

A

division of labor

106
Q

Tendency for people to refrain from contributing to the common good
when a resource is available without any personal cost or contribution

A

free rider problem

107
Q

Ranking of people or tasks in a bureaucracy from those at the top,
where there is a great deal of power and authority, to those at the bottom, where there is very
little power and authority

A

hierarchy of authority

108
Q

Process by which the characteristics and principles of the fast-food restaurant
come to dominate other areas of social life

A

mcdonalidization

109
Q

Company that has manufacturing, production, and marketing
divisions in multiple countries

A

multinational corporation

110
Q

Potential for a society’s long-term ruin because of individuals’ tendency to
pursue their own short-term interests

A

social dilemma

111
Q

Framework of society—social institutions, organizations, groups, statuses and
roles, cultural beliefs, and institutionalized norms—that adds order and predictability to our
private lives

A

social structure

112
Q

Situation in which people acting individually and in their own self interest use up commonly available (but limited) resources, creating disaster for the entire
community

A

tragedy of commons

113
Q

Inability to afford the minimal requirements for sustaining a reasonably
healthy existence

A

absolute poverty

114
Q

Possession of some status or quality that compels others to obey one’s directives or
commands

A

authority

115
Q

: Stratification system based on heredity, with little movement allowed across
strata

A

caste system

116
Q

Process of expanding economic markets by invading and establishing control over
a weaker country and its people

A

colonization

117
Q

Cultural belief that those who succeed in society are those who work
hardest and have the best abilities and that those who suffer don’t work hard enough or lack
the necessary traits or abilities

A

competitive individualism

118
Q

Individuals, such as middle managers and supervisors, whose
positions place them between two major classes, making it difficult to identify with one side or
the other

A

contradictory class locations

119
Q

Stratification system in which high-status groups own land and
have power based on noble birth

A

estate system (feudal system)

120
Q

Situation in which people in the lower classes come to accept a belief
system that harms them; the primary means by which powerful classes in society prevent
protest and revolution

A

false consciousness

121
Q

Land, commercial enterprises, factories, and wealth that form the
economic basis of class societies

A

means of production

122
Q

In a society stratified by social class, a group of people who have an intermediate
level of wealth, income, and prestige, such as managers, supervisors, executives, small business
owners, and professionals

A

middle class

123
Q

In a society stratified by social class, a group of people who work for minimum wage or
are chronically unemployed

A

poor

124
Q

Amount of yearly income a family requires to meet its basic needs, according to
the federal government

A

poverty line

125
Q

Percentage of people whose income falls below the poverty line

A

poverty rate

126
Q

Ability to affect decisions in ways that benefit a person or protect their interests

A

power

127
Q

Respect and honor given to some people in society

A

prestige

128
Q

Individuals’ economic position compared with the living standards of the
majority in the society

A

relative property

129
Q

Economic form of inequality in which some people are legally the property of others

A

slavery

130
Q

Group of people who share a similar economic position in a society, based on their
wealth and income

A

social class

131
Q

Movement of people or groups from one class to another

A

social mobility

132
Q

Prestige, honor, respect, and lifestyle associated with different positions
or groups in society

A

socioeconomic status

133
Q

Ranking system for groups of people that perpetuates unequal rewards and life
chances in society

A

stratification

134
Q

Conditions that global financial organizations attach to countries to
which they provide development aid

A

structural adjustments

135
Q

in a society stratified by social class, a group of people who have high income and
prestige and who own vast amounts of property and other forms of wealth, such as owners of
large corporations, top financiers, rich celebrities and politicians, and members of prestigious
families

A

upper class

136
Q

In a society stratified by social class, a group of people who have a low level of
wealth, income, and prestige, such as industrial and factory workers, office workers, clerks, and
farm and manual laborers

A

working class

137
Q

Employed people who consistently earn wages but do not make enough to
survive (see also near-poor

A

working poor

138
Q

: Skin color prejudice within an ethnoracial group

A

colorism

139
Q

A form of exploitation in which the customs, practices, or fashion of one
culture is adopted by members of another culture

A

cultural appropriation

140
Q

Unfair treatment of people based on some social characteristic, such as race,
ethnicity, or sex

A

discrimination

141
Q

Sense of community derived from the cultural heritage shared by a category of
people with common ancestry

A

ethnicity

142
Q

Prejudiced attitudes or beliefs that operate at a level below conscious awareness

A

implicit bias

143
Q

Laws, customs, and practices that systematically reflect and produce racial
and ethnic inequalities in a society, whether or not the individuals maintaining these laws,
customs, and practices have racist intentions

A

institutional racism

144
Q

Individual expression of racist attitudes or behaviors

A

personal racism

145
Q

Rigidly held, unfavorable attitudes, beliefs, and feelings about members of a
different group based on a social characteristic such as race, ethnicity, or gender

A

prejudice

146
Q

Form of discrimination expressed subtly and indirectly through feelings of
discomfort, uneasiness, and fear, which motivate avoidance rather than blatant discrimination

A

quiet disinformation

147
Q

Belief that humans are subdivided into distinct groups that are different in their social
behavior and innate capacities and that can be ranked as superior or inferior

A

racism

148
Q

Overgeneralized belief that a certain trait, behavior, or attitude characterizes all
members of some identifiable group

A

stereotype

149
Q

Subordination of women that is part of the everyday workings of
economics, law, politics, and other social institutions

A

institutional sexism

150
Q

Female-dominated society that gives higher prestige and value to women than to
men

A

matriarchy

151
Q

Practice of treating people as objects

A

objectification

152
Q

Male-dominated society in which cultural beliefs and values give higher prestige and
value to men than to women

A

patriarchy

153
Q

System of beliefs that asserts the inferiority of one sex and justifies gender-based
inequality

A

sexism

154
Q

Sociologist who studies trends in population characteristic

A

demographer

SOC 202 (1 decks)

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