Midterm Exam Flashcards
What is communication?
When people create messages, using a variety of modalities and sensory channels to convey meanings within and across contexts
What is NCA?
National Communication Association- professional organization representing communication teachers and scholars in the US
Define Communication
A process through which people use messages to generate meanings within across contexts, cultures, channels and media
Features that characterize communication
- Process: unfolds over time
- People engaged in communication use messages to convey meaning
- Communication occurs in endless variety of contexts or situations
- People communicate thru a variety of channels
5 Communicators use broad range of media
Message
Package of info that is transported during commutation
Define interaction
Exchange of a series of messages
Define channel
Sensory dimension along which communicators transmit information ( visual, tactile, auditory)
Define media
Tools for exchanging messages
What are the possible communication models?
Linear Communication Model
Interactive Communication Model
Transactional Communication Model
Define interpersonal communication
Dynamic form of communication between two people in which the messages exchanged significantly influence their thoughts, emotions, behaviors, and relationships
Define intrapersonal communication
Communication involving only one person, in form of talking out loud to oneself or having a mental conversation
Define I Thou
When you regard other people as objects that are there for your exploitation
Define impersonal Communication
- Content Info: the actual meaning of the words you utter
- Relationship Info: consists of signals indicating how each of you views your relationship
Define Meta Communication
Communication about communication, includes any message verbal or nonverbal, that has its central focus as the meaning of communication
What goals can interpersonal communication help us to achieve?
- Self Presentation Goal
- Instrumental Goals
- Relationship Goals
What different approaches do scholars use to take while doing research?
- Qualitative Approach
- involves careful observations - Quantitative Approach
- researchers first propose a theory
What is phubbing?
When an individual is in a conversation and is not listening instead on their phone
What is interpersonal communication competence?
People who demonstrate appropriateness, effectiveness, and ethics in achieving their interpersonal goals are interpersonally competent 
What are the components of self?
- SELF AWARENESS- the ability to reflect on thoughts, feelings, & behaviors
- SELF CONCEPT- your overall perception of who you are
- SELF ESTEEM- the value we assign ourselves
What is the Self Discrepancy Theory?
Suggest that one factor influencing, your self-esteem, and associated feelings, is how your self-concept compares to two mentor standard, the ideal self & ought self
What are the 3 Attachment Styles?
- PREOCCUPIED ATTACHMENT- desire closeness in relationships, but are in fear of being rejected
- DISMISSIVE ATTACHMENT- view close relationships as unimportant, instead prioritize self reliance
- FREQL ATTACHMENT- fear rejection, therefore shun close relationships
What is the looking glass self?
Considering how others view us when developing our self concept
What is Self Fulfilling Prophecies?
Predictions about future interactions that lead us to behave in ways that insure the interaction unfold as we predicted.
Social Penetration Theory
A concept revolving around different layers of the self when disclosing oneself to others
1. Peripheral Layers
2. Intermediate Layers
3. Central Layers
What is Warranting Value?
The degree to which the information is supported by other people and outside evidence
What is Perception?
The process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting information from our senses 
What influences our Perception?
- Culture & Gender
- Personality
- Self Enhancement Bias
What is Punctuation?
Structuring the information you’ve selected into a chronological sequence that matches how you experienced the order of events
What is interpretation?
Assigning meaning to information we selected into a coherent mental model
What is a Schemata?
Mental structures that contain information defining the characteristics of various concepts, and how they are related to each other
What are Attributions?
Our answers to the why questions we ask everyday
What is the Actor Observer Effect?
The tendency to attribute other people’s behaviors to their dispositions while explaining our own behaviors according to situational or external factors
What is Self Serving Bias?
When we take credit for success but deny our negative attributions
What is Uncertainty Reduction Theory?
Gathering enough information about an individual so their communication becomes predictable and explainable
What are ingroupers and what are outgroupers
-Ingroupers are individuals you associate yourself with due to them having the same cultural beliefs, attitudes, and values as your own
-Outgroupers are people you perceive yourself to be different from
What is one’s personality?
An individual’s characteristic way of thinking, feeling, and acting based on traits
What is Self Enhancement Bias?
When we perceive people through a filter of own own self perception, we tend to perceive our own unique more favorably than unique traits possessed by others
What is Implicit Personality Theories?
Personal beliefs about different types of personalities and the ways in which traits cluster together
What are interpersonal impressions?
Mental pictures of who people are and how we feel about them
What is constructing a Gestalt?
A general sense of a person that’s either positive or negative
What is Positivity Bias?
When you are more likely to form a positive perception of other people
What is Negativity Effect?
Placing emphasis on the negative information we learn about others
What are Algebraic Impressions?
Evaluating each new thing we learn about a person
What is Stereotyping?
Overall simplistic interpersonal impressions, making assumptions on an individual based on their social group affiliation
What is Perception Checking?
Questioning your perceptions and correcting errors that may lead to ineffective communication
What is Emotion?
An intense reaction to an event that involves interpreting event meaning, becoming physiologically aroused
What is Emotion Sharing?
Sharing our emotional experiences with others
What is Emotional Contagion
- when the experience of the same emotion rapidly spreads from one person to another
What are Primary Emotions?
- Unique and consistent behavioral displays across cultures
- 6 Primary Emotions are Surprise, Joy, Disgust, Anger, Fear, Sadness
What are Blended Emotions?
When an event may trigger two or more primary emotions
What is Rational Emotive Behavior Thereapy
A way for therapists to help patients who are neurotic systemically purge themselves of such beliefs
What is Emotional Intelligence?
The ability to interpret emotions accurately and to use this information to manage emotions and communicate them competently
What is Emotion Management?
Attempts to influence which emotions you have, when you have them, and how you experience and express them
What is Suppression
Inhibiting thoughts and outward behavioral displays of emotion
What is Encounter Avoidance?
Staying away from people, places, or activities that you know will provoke emotions you don’t want to experience
What is Encounter Structuring
Intentionally avoiding specific topics you know will provoke unwanted emotion during encounters with others
What is Attention Focus?
Intentionally devoting your attention only to the aspects of an event or encounter that you know will not provoke an undesired emotion
What is Deactivation?
Systematically desensitizing yourself to an emotional experience
What is Reappraisal?
Actively changing how you think about the meaning of emotion eliciting situations so that their emotional impact has changed
What is Chronic Hostility?
When you put yourself in a long term state of negative thinking
What is the Jefferson Strategy?
When a person says or does something that makes you angry, count slowly to 10 before you act
What is Supportive Communication?
Sharing messages that express emotional support and offer personal assistance
What is intercultural communication?
When you communicate with someone from a different culture
What is Co Cultural Communication Theory?
When people who are apart of the dominant culture within society get to construct social standards
What is Prejudice?
When stereotypes of people become inherently negative and have a negative effect on those people
What are Individualistic Cultures?
When the culture values independence and personal achievement
What are Collectivities Cultures?
When people emphasize group, interpersonal harmony, and the well being of in groups
What is Uncertainty Avoidance?
When a culture try to stay in control societal values, and doesn’t feel comfortable with new ideas
What are High Context cultures?
Presume that others within said culture will share their viewpoints and perceive situations in the same way
What are Low Context Cultures?
Presume that others will not share their beliefs, attitudes, and values
What are Display Rules?
Guidelines for when, where, and how to manage emotion displays appropriately
Masculine Cultural Values
Accumulation of material wealth as indicator of success
Feminine Cultural Values
Emphasize compassion, consensus, and cooperation
Monochromic Time Orientation
View time as a precious resource
What is Intercultural Competence?
The ability to communicate appropriately, effectively, and ethically with people from diverse backgrounds
What is World Mindedness?
Demonstrate acceptance and respect toward other cultures beliefs
What is Attributional Complexity?
You acknowledge that other people’s behaviors have complex causes
Communication Accommodation Theory
When people adapt their communication when they seek social approval
What is Gender Polarization?
Female and male sex distinctions
What is non binary?
Gender identities that are not solely female or male
What is gender fluid?
When someone doesn’t identify as female or male and their identity may change overtime
What are Gender Roles?
Expectations and behaviors that are deemed appropriate for girls or boys
What is the five step listening process?
Receiving, Attending, Understanding, Responding, and Recalling
What is Mental Bracketing?
Systematically putting aside thoughts that aren’t relevant to the interaction at hand
What is Short Term Memory?
The part of your brain that temporarily houses the information while you seek to understand its meaning
Long term Memory
The part of your brain devoted to permanent information storage
What are back channel cues?
Verbal and nonverbal behaviors to ensure the other person you are listening
What is Paraphrasing
Summarizing others comments after they have finished speaking
What are mnemonics?
Certain ways you come up with the encode into your long term memory, such as a song
What are the 5 listening Functions?
Comprehend, discern, analyze, appreciate, and support
What is Mediated Listening
Trying to perceive and understand a message over social media platforms
What are Relational Listeners?
View listening as an opportunity to build and maintain relationships with others
What are Task Oriented Listeners?
See listening as transactional, and prefer brief, to the point accurate messages from others, focus on task completion
What are Critical Listeners?
Focus their attention on the accuracy and consistency of what another person says. Tendency to critically consider and evaluate another person’s message
What is Selective Listening?
Taking in bits of pieces of information that are immediately salient during interpersonal encounter and dismissing the rest
What is Pseudo Listening?
Behaving as if you’re paying attention, though you’re really not
What is aggressive listening?
Attend to what other day solely to find an opportunity to attack their conversational partners
What is Narcissistic Listening?
Ignore what others have to say so they can redirect the conversation back to themselves
What are Constitutive Rules?
Define word meaning, tell us which words represent which objects
What is verbal communication?
Face to face spoken conversations
What are Regulative Rules?
How we use language when we verbally communicate, such as grammar etc
What are Dialects?
Unique phrases, words and punctuations used by specific cultures
What is Democratic Meaning?
The meaning of a word you find in dictionary’s
What is Connotative Meaning?
Additional understandings of a words meaning based on the situation and knowledge we and our communication partners share
What is Linguistic Determinism?
Our ability to think is at mercy of our native language, meaning we think in our terms of language not others
What is Linguistic Relativity
People from different cultures thinks and perceive people very differently
What are Speech Acts?
The actions that we perform with language
Ok
What is Cooperative Principle?
Making our conversational contributions as informative, honest, relevant, and clear as required
What is “I” Language
Emphasize ownership of your feelings, opinions, and beliefs
What is “we” Language
Emphasize inclusion in relationships, common way for people to signal their closeness with others
What is Verbal Aggression?
Tendency to attack others self concepts rather than their positions on topics of conversation
What is Microaggression?
Communication stressors that negatively effect others especially people of underrepresented groups
What is Defensive Communication?
Impolite messages delivered in response to suggestion, criticism, or perceived slights
What is Communication Apprehension
Fear and anxiety associated with interaction which keeps someone from being able to communicate properly
