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ATR 400WI > MIDTERM exam > Flashcards

MIDTERM exam Flashcards

1
Q

in athletic training why is research important

A

advance our knowledge, stay up to date w/ research and be able to apply it

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2
Q

when searching articles in specific journals, some have a high impact factor, some have a low impact factor and some do not have impact factor. What does it mean if a journal has a high impact factor?

A

That the paper or journal is good

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3
Q

what are examples of bad research as described in the lecture?

A
  • bias and unclear
  • ignores others research data
  • reads like a mystery novel
    -Is not based on theory
  • Is not part of a line of questioning (bricks in a brick yard)
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4
Q

what are electronic data bases?

A

contains basic, applied, and clinical science journals related to health science

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5
Q

what is the reasoning behind the use of the Boolean search technique?

A

It helps you narrow down your search.

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6
Q

what are 3 words used in the search quarry?

A

and, or, not

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7
Q

define research

A

systemic examination and testing of a particular discipline’s methods and principles

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8
Q

what is scholarship?

A

process of advancing knowledge and original insights that add to the worlds body of knowledge and understanding

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9
Q

Research is what?

A

careful, systemic, guided by theory, repeatable, fun

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10
Q

certified athletic trainers do not need to know how to do research but…

A

They have to respect research, remove bias, and know how to read it.

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11
Q

what is good research?

A
  • Integrates all known knowledge (not just the research - which agrees with your observations)
  • Develops and refines theory*
  • Communicates ideas clearly and stirs thinking
  • Focuses on finding truth and not “being right”
  • Gets to the point (ie, the butler did it!—here’s the evidence)
  • Avoids jargon and “sounding scholarly”
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12
Q

What does profession need?

A

practice, research, and education

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13
Q

What are you getting out of this class

A
  • Improve critical thinking and writing
  • Be able to apply the techniques you use as a clinician
  • Be able to discern bad research from good research
  • Recognize flaws in experimental designs
  • You will understand EBM and thus be a better, more informed, clinician
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14
Q

examples of electronic database

A

sport discus, PubMed, Medline, CINAHL, ERIC, Dissertation abstracts of protest information and learning, Google scholar

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15
Q

journals must meet certain criteria to be included in what?

A

Index Medeicus

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16
Q

what are you going to find in Sport Discus?

A

journal articles specific to exercise science and athletic training. mostly applied research rather than basic science

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17
Q

What is CINAHL and what is its focus?

A

Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health; allied health

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18
Q

what is ERIC and what is it useful for?

A

Educational Resource Information Center; For education rather than health science

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19
Q

“or” does what when it comes to search?

A

retrieves articles that contain either of two words but not necessarily both words

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20
Q

“and” does what when it comes to search?

A

retrieves articles that contain both words but not necessarily together

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21
Q

“not” does what when it comes to search?

A

eliminates articles with the words following not

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22
Q

Avoid what sources?

A
  • abstracts
  • newspaper
  • magazines
  • websites
  • anything that does not undergo scientific review
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23
Q

The 5 steps navigating research?

A
  1. purpose, hypotheses or RQ
  2. methods
  3. data
  4. results justify conclusions
  5. conclusions are stronger based on the limitations of the study
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24
Q

Manuscripts do what?

A

build the argument

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25
Q

What style do most journal manuscripts follow?

A

IMRad

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26
Q

What is IMRaD?

A

Introduction- why should someone read this
Method
Results
(And)
Discussion- compare results; why are results different?

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27
Q

What is an assumption and example?

A

Taking something for granted without knowing; Survey assume people are telling the truth

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28
Q

What is AMA format in regards of referencing

A

1st Author Last Name 1st Author First & Middle Initials, 2nd Author Last Name 2nd Author First & Middle Initials, etc (if 6 or fewer authors). Title of manuscript. Abbreviated Journal Name (italicized). Year of publication; Volume (issue): X-X.

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29
Q

given the following factorial design: 3 x 5 x 8 x 26; how many independent variables are there?

A

4

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30
Q

what is plagiarism ?

A

using other peoples work w/o acknowledging their contribution

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31
Q

what are the negative ramifications, professionally, with plagiarism?

A

Termination of work on the project
Termination from employment
Promotion freeze
Verbal reprimands
Letter of reprimand
Fines to cover cost
Monitoring of research
Revocation of prior publications
Referral to legal system for further actions
With NIH funded grant
-Considered a federal crime

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32
Q

what are examples that drive wrongdoing in research?

A

-no overoversight of what is going on (role conflict)
Cultural differences/norms
Unqualified people
Lazy/sloppy/ lack of involvement or knowledge
Compliance is a lot of work
Others do it so it is OK
Pressure/Stress
Cynical personalities
Financial incentives
Time
Self entitlement (silver back mentality)
Arrogance or unwilling to change
Improper mentorship
May be instructed too
Lack of enforcement/punishment
Lack of long-term forcasting

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33
Q

what is the name of the variable in which the researcher “measures”?

A

dependent variable

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34
Q

what type of research study may contain prospective or retrospective data in order to conduct the study?

A

cohort

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35
Q

what variable does the research manipulate in order to determine the effect on DV?

A

independent variable

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36
Q

What is a research question?

A

what do the researches want to know

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37
Q

What is hypotheses?

A

What the researchers think will happen

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38
Q

Define Delimitations

A

limits chosen by the researchers to set the boundaries for the study

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39
Q

example of delimitations

A

age, gender, injury, acclimatization status, training level

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40
Q

define limitation

A

factors not under the researchers control

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41
Q

What is experimental design?

A

How you collect your data

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42
Q

what is statistical design?

A

how you analyze your data.

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43
Q

what is sensational pressure?

A

how much a person can’t take it anymore

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44
Q

What is qualitative research?

A

descriptive, explanatory, interpretive

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45
Q

what is quantitative research?

A

“Hard” data (numbers)

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46
Q

what are the types of AT Research?

A
  • basic Science
  • applied and clinical
  • observational
  • basic quantitative
  • case study
    -multi center studies
    injury surveillance
    -systematic review/ meta-analytic
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47
Q

what is basic science?

A

establish fundamental mechanisms associated with biology of the organism, focusing on anatomical or physiological questions which may lead to applied or clinical research

48
Q

what is clinical studies?

A

examine populations with disorders or the treatment in specific population

49
Q

what is applied studies? example?

A

ise normal subjects to get “baseline” values or “normal”
ex: men and women muscle activation patterns

50
Q

What are the three observational or non-experimental types of studies?

A

cohort, cross-sectional, case- control

51
Q

what is a cohort study?

A

studies a preselected group of subjects over time

52
Q

what type of study can have clinical and applied studies?

A

basic studies

53
Q

what are the disadvantages of prospective studies?

A

requires lot of effort, often $$, need high number of injuries to make accurate conclusions

54
Q

advantages and disadvantages of retrospective studies?

A

a: less time required, data already collected
d: may not rely on other data to get a large enough sample

55
Q

what is a cross-sectional studies?

A
  • examine a group at 1 time
    -its relatively quick to collect data
    -but cannot infer cause and effect
56
Q

what is a case-control?

A

identify subjects with a disorder and subjects w/o the disorder. look at factors relevant to what you’re studying.

57
Q

what are the three basic quantitative research types?

A

pre-experimental, true experimental, and quasi-experimental

58
Q

What is a pre-experimental research? and its disadvantages?

A

research designs that do not randomly assign subjects to a control or treatment group;
- D: bias, first person can tell others

59
Q

Types of pre-experimental research?

A

one-shot
one group pretest-posttest
static group comparison

60
Q

What is a experimental research?

A

its common and ONLY way to determine cause and effect; random assignment of subjects; control group for comparison

61
Q

types of experimental research?

A

randomized group design
pretest-posttest randomized groups

62
Q

What is a quasi-experimental research?

A

try to apply experimental principles to the field setting (case study)

63
Q

what is a case study? case studies?

A

in-depth look at a single case or subject; multiple case studies

64
Q

types of case study

A

descriptive, interpretive, evaluative

65
Q

what are the focus of each type of case study

A

descriptive- present a detailed account of the case
interpretive- ^ + interpret the data to classify and conceptualize the info
evaluative- ^^ + evaluate the merit of some practice of program

66
Q

cohort determines incidence injury, equation?

A

new injuries over time/ # of people at risk at same time

67
Q

cross-sectional determines prevalence, equation?

A

injuries at 1 time/ # of people at risk at same time

68
Q

what’s a systematic review

A

an exhaustive literature review in which the authors try to come to a decision about a research question

69
Q

what makes a systematic review good?

A

Authors need to prove:
They did an exhaustive search
They used strict criteria for evaluating each study they included
The studies they included were well designed
The studies included answered their systematic reviews research question (or at least partially

70
Q

what is a meta-analysis

A

Analyzes existing studies rather than creating new data to assess the clinical efficacy of a treatment

71
Q

what is a critically analysis paper

A

CAPs are standardized (by journal), brief summaries of research evidence surrounding a clinical question

72
Q

what is fabrication or falsification

A

anything that is made up and did not really occur

73
Q

T/f: its important to get secondary source

A

false

74
Q

example of fabrication/falsification

A

-overstating number of subjects
-changing data
-including personal bias
-misinterpreting literature

75
Q

what are unethical activities can occur w/ data gatherings?

A

Collceting data from subjects who do not qualify for the study
-Example: Stretching study
Malfunctioning equipment
Failure to follow guidelines on IRB form
Recording data incorrectly
Pressure to be successful
If untrained research assistants are used
Testing occurs at different times of the day
-If applicable

76
Q

What does IRB mean?

A

Institution review board

77
Q

t/f: as a general rule, use the passive voice in scientific writing

A

false; active- straight to the point

78
Q

what’s evidence based practice?

A

The process by which decisions about clinical practice are guided from evidence in research

79
Q

when do you use evidence based practice?

A

use theory to guide and support clinical decisions

80
Q

What is EBP?Systematic inquiry process through which clinicians:

A

Assess
Ask
Acquire
Appraise
apply evidence to answer clinical questions

81
Q

what are the two EBM categories of outcome measures?

A

patient and disease

82
Q

why are measures that are of interest to clinicians rather than patients, helpful?

A

for diagnosis and treatment

83
Q

example of Disease-Oriented Evidence

A

Examples:
Blood pressure
Plasma sodium concentration
Quad/Hamstring ratios

84
Q

what is patient- oriented evidence

A

Measures that are direct interest to patients

85
Q

examples of patient-oriented evidence

A

Examples:
Quality of life
Symptom severity
Pain
Morbidity/mortality
Health care costs

86
Q

what is DM?

A

Disablement Models, an evaluation and treatment method based on impairments, functional loss, and attainable quality of life RATHER THAN a medical diagnosis

87
Q

what are the 3 main Disablement Models

A

Nagi’s Model (aka, Health-related Quality of Life)

National Center for Medical Rehabilitation Research

World Health Organization

88
Q

ways of assessing patient health

A

Patient self-report
(e.g., COVID app)
Condition Specific Measures
(e.g., asthma quality of life scale)
Region Specific Measures
(e.g., Lower extremity or upper extremity functional scales)
Dimension Specific Measures
(e.g., McGill pain questionnaire)

89
Q

What is ppi

A

present pain intensity

90
Q

What does PICO stand for?

A

population/ problem
intervention/indicator
comparator
outcome
ex: In patients with acute grade 3 lateral ankle sprains…

would adding cryotherapy to standard ankle proprioception drills…

be more effective than ankle proprioception drills without cryotherapy…

and result in higher single leg balance scores and lower pain ratings?

91
Q

The “O” in PICO is what in your search?

A

dependent variable

92
Q

steps to do EBP?

A
  1. Have a CLEAR, SPECIFIC, ANSWERABLE question
  2. Find current, valid, high quality evidence for your question
    3.Analyze the evidence by using EBM hierarchies for treatment, diagnosis, and prognosis
    4.apply evidence
93
Q

What does PRISMA stand for?

A

preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses

94
Q

what is PRISMA?

A

set of minimum standards to help authors report evidence based systematic and meta-analyses

95
Q

What methods are you evaluating within a study?

A

background info
Assumptions
limitations
definitions of terms/operational definitions
delimitations
abbreviations
research questions
hypotheses

96
Q

Whats the purpose of the institutional review board (IRB)?

A

protect individual’s rights and ensure the safety of human subjects

97
Q

What does IACUC stand for?

A

institutional animal care and use committee

98
Q

What is IACUC? what must it include?

A

A review research using animals
- must include a description of the research, testing, exhibition, and care of the animals

99
Q

What are the IRB application questions on

A
  • study description
  • subject question
  • risk and benefits
    -study’s procedures
  • confidentiality measures
  • funding and subject compensation
  • dissemination of information
100
Q

How long does it take to get IRB approval?

A

up to 2 months

101
Q

What level of IRB takes longer and the other not very long

A

Full board review; Expedited Review

102
Q

What level of reviews go to the following subjects?
Inducing pain
children, prisoner, expecting mothers
surveys of k-tape by AT’s

A

Inducing pain= Full
children, prisoner, expecting mothers= full
surveys of k-tape by AT’s= expedited

103
Q

Statistics are?

A

techniques by which data from a study is organized, treated, and presented for interpretation by other individuals

104
Q

software programs

A
  • statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS)
  • Statistical analysis software (SAS)
  • SPLUS
  • Minitab
  • Number crunchers statistical software (NCSS)
  • MICROSOFT EXCEL
105
Q

what are descriptive statuses for?

A

used to shape, central tendency, and variability of a set of data taken

106
Q

what are the central tendencies?

A

mean, mode, and median

107
Q

what is the mean?

A

average of the data

108
Q

what is a median?

A

middle value

109
Q

what is a mode?

A

most commonly observed nuumber

110
Q

what is standard variance?

A

variation of the data surrounding the mean

111
Q

what is standard deviance?

A

square root of variation

112
Q

what is it when test fall under paramedic statistics?

A

dependent on certain assumptions about the data

113
Q

what’s important bout assumption?

A

population is normally distributed
homogeneity of variance among the groups
observation are independent (I.I.D) (independent identically distribute)

114
Q

what is inclusion criteria?

A

traits of the target and accessible population that qualify an individual for a study

115
Q

what is exclusion criteria?

A

factors that would/may confound results

116
Q

example of inclusion and exclusion

A

inclusion- gender demographic, specific diagnoses, or children, students, prisoners…
exclusion- pregnancy, metal plate, known or diagnosed allergies

117
Q

what is sampling bias?

A

when subjects are selected from the pop. of interest that over-represent or under-represent the study

ATR 400WI (1 decks)

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