MIDTERM exam Flashcards
in athletic training why is research important
advance our knowledge, stay up to date w/ research and be able to apply it
when searching articles in specific journals, some have a high impact factor, some have a low impact factor and some do not have impact factor. What does it mean if a journal has a high impact factor?
That the paper or journal is good
what are examples of bad research as described in the lecture?
- bias and unclear
- ignores others research data
- reads like a mystery novel
-Is not based on theory - Is not part of a line of questioning (bricks in a brick yard)
what are electronic data bases?
contains basic, applied, and clinical science journals related to health science
what is the reasoning behind the use of the Boolean search technique?
It helps you narrow down your search.
what are 3 words used in the search quarry?
and, or, not
define research
systemic examination and testing of a particular discipline’s methods and principles
what is scholarship?
process of advancing knowledge and original insights that add to the worlds body of knowledge and understanding
Research is what?
careful, systemic, guided by theory, repeatable, fun
certified athletic trainers do not need to know how to do research but…
They have to respect research, remove bias, and know how to read it.
what is good research?
- Integrates all known knowledge (not just the research - which agrees with your observations)
- Develops and refines theory*
- Communicates ideas clearly and stirs thinking
- Focuses on finding truth and not “being right”
- Gets to the point (ie, the butler did it!—here’s the evidence)
- Avoids jargon and “sounding scholarly”
What does profession need?
practice, research, and education
What are you getting out of this class
- Improve critical thinking and writing
- Be able to apply the techniques you use as a clinician
- Be able to discern bad research from good research
- Recognize flaws in experimental designs
- You will understand EBM and thus be a better, more informed, clinician
examples of electronic database
sport discus, PubMed, Medline, CINAHL, ERIC, Dissertation abstracts of protest information and learning, Google scholar
journals must meet certain criteria to be included in what?
Index Medeicus
what are you going to find in Sport Discus?
journal articles specific to exercise science and athletic training. mostly applied research rather than basic science
What is CINAHL and what is its focus?
Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health; allied health
what is ERIC and what is it useful for?
Educational Resource Information Center; For education rather than health science
“or” does what when it comes to search?
retrieves articles that contain either of two words but not necessarily both words
“and” does what when it comes to search?
retrieves articles that contain both words but not necessarily together
“not” does what when it comes to search?
eliminates articles with the words following not
Avoid what sources?
- abstracts
- newspaper
- magazines
- websites
- anything that does not undergo scientific review
The 5 steps navigating research?
- purpose, hypotheses or RQ
- methods
- data
- results justify conclusions
- conclusions are stronger based on the limitations of the study
Manuscripts do what?
build the argument
What style do most journal manuscripts follow?
IMRad
What is IMRaD?
Introduction- why should someone read this
Method
Results
(And)
Discussion- compare results; why are results different?
What is an assumption and example?
Taking something for granted without knowing; Survey assume people are telling the truth
What is AMA format in regards of referencing
1st Author Last Name 1st Author First & Middle Initials, 2nd Author Last Name 2nd Author First & Middle Initials, etc (if 6 or fewer authors). Title of manuscript. Abbreviated Journal Name (italicized). Year of publication; Volume (issue): X-X.
given the following factorial design: 3 x 5 x 8 x 26; how many independent variables are there?
4
what is plagiarism ?
using other peoples work w/o acknowledging their contribution
what are the negative ramifications, professionally, with plagiarism?
Termination of work on the project
Termination from employment
Promotion freeze
Verbal reprimands
Letter of reprimand
Fines to cover cost
Monitoring of research
Revocation of prior publications
Referral to legal system for further actions
With NIH funded grant
-Considered a federal crime
what are examples that drive wrongdoing in research?
-no overoversight of what is going on (role conflict)
Cultural differences/norms
Unqualified people
Lazy/sloppy/ lack of involvement or knowledge
Compliance is a lot of work
Others do it so it is OK
Pressure/Stress
Cynical personalities
Financial incentives
Time
Self entitlement (silver back mentality)
Arrogance or unwilling to change
Improper mentorship
May be instructed too
Lack of enforcement/punishment
Lack of long-term forcasting
what is the name of the variable in which the researcher “measures”?
dependent variable
what type of research study may contain prospective or retrospective data in order to conduct the study?
cohort
what variable does the research manipulate in order to determine the effect on DV?
independent variable
What is a research question?
what do the researches want to know
What is hypotheses?
What the researchers think will happen
Define Delimitations
limits chosen by the researchers to set the boundaries for the study
example of delimitations
age, gender, injury, acclimatization status, training level
define limitation
factors not under the researchers control
What is experimental design?
How you collect your data
what is statistical design?
how you analyze your data.
what is sensational pressure?
how much a person can’t take it anymore
What is qualitative research?
descriptive, explanatory, interpretive
what is quantitative research?
“Hard” data (numbers)
what are the types of AT Research?
- basic Science
- applied and clinical
- observational
- basic quantitative
- case study
-multi center studies
injury surveillance
-systematic review/ meta-analytic
what is basic science?
establish fundamental mechanisms associated with biology of the organism, focusing on anatomical or physiological questions which may lead to applied or clinical research
what is clinical studies?
examine populations with disorders or the treatment in specific population
what is applied studies? example?
ise normal subjects to get “baseline” values or “normal”
ex: men and women muscle activation patterns
What are the three observational or non-experimental types of studies?
cohort, cross-sectional, case- control
what is a cohort study?
studies a preselected group of subjects over time
what type of study can have clinical and applied studies?
basic studies
what are the disadvantages of prospective studies?
requires lot of effort, often $$, need high number of injuries to make accurate conclusions
advantages and disadvantages of retrospective studies?
a: less time required, data already collected
d: may not rely on other data to get a large enough sample
what is a cross-sectional studies?
- examine a group at 1 time
-its relatively quick to collect data
-but cannot infer cause and effect
what is a case-control?
identify subjects with a disorder and subjects w/o the disorder. look at factors relevant to what you’re studying.
what are the three basic quantitative research types?
pre-experimental, true experimental, and quasi-experimental
What is a pre-experimental research? and its disadvantages?
research designs that do not randomly assign subjects to a control or treatment group;
- D: bias, first person can tell others
Types of pre-experimental research?
one-shot
one group pretest-posttest
static group comparison
What is a experimental research?
its common and ONLY way to determine cause and effect; random assignment of subjects; control group for comparison
types of experimental research?
randomized group design
pretest-posttest randomized groups
What is a quasi-experimental research?
try to apply experimental principles to the field setting (case study)
what is a case study? case studies?
in-depth look at a single case or subject; multiple case studies
types of case study
descriptive, interpretive, evaluative
what are the focus of each type of case study
descriptive- present a detailed account of the case
interpretive- ^ + interpret the data to classify and conceptualize the info
evaluative- ^^ + evaluate the merit of some practice of program
cohort determines incidence injury, equation?
new injuries over time/ # of people at risk at same time
cross-sectional determines prevalence, equation?
injuries at 1 time/ # of people at risk at same time
what’s a systematic review
an exhaustive literature review in which the authors try to come to a decision about a research question
what makes a systematic review good?
Authors need to prove:
They did an exhaustive search
They used strict criteria for evaluating each study they included
The studies they included were well designed
The studies included answered their systematic reviews research question (or at least partially
what is a meta-analysis
Analyzes existing studies rather than creating new data to assess the clinical efficacy of a treatment
what is a critically analysis paper
CAPs are standardized (by journal), brief summaries of research evidence surrounding a clinical question
what is fabrication or falsification
anything that is made up and did not really occur
T/f: its important to get secondary source
false
example of fabrication/falsification
-overstating number of subjects
-changing data
-including personal bias
-misinterpreting literature
what are unethical activities can occur w/ data gatherings?
Collceting data from subjects who do not qualify for the study
-Example: Stretching study
Malfunctioning equipment
Failure to follow guidelines on IRB form
Recording data incorrectly
Pressure to be successful
If untrained research assistants are used
Testing occurs at different times of the day
-If applicable
What does IRB mean?
Institution review board
t/f: as a general rule, use the passive voice in scientific writing
false; active- straight to the point
what’s evidence based practice?
The process by which decisions about clinical practice are guided from evidence in research
when do you use evidence based practice?
use theory to guide and support clinical decisions
What is EBP?Systematic inquiry process through which clinicians:
Assess
Ask
Acquire
Appraise
apply evidence to answer clinical questions
what are the two EBM categories of outcome measures?
patient and disease
why are measures that are of interest to clinicians rather than patients, helpful?
for diagnosis and treatment
example of Disease-Oriented Evidence
Examples:
Blood pressure
Plasma sodium concentration
Quad/Hamstring ratios
what is patient- oriented evidence
Measures that are direct interest to patients
examples of patient-oriented evidence
Examples:
Quality of life
Symptom severity
Pain
Morbidity/mortality
Health care costs
what is DM?
Disablement Models, an evaluation and treatment method based on impairments, functional loss, and attainable quality of life RATHER THAN a medical diagnosis
what are the 3 main Disablement Models
Nagi’s Model (aka, Health-related Quality of Life)
National Center for Medical Rehabilitation Research
World Health Organization
ways of assessing patient health
Patient self-report
(e.g., COVID app)
Condition Specific Measures
(e.g., asthma quality of life scale)
Region Specific Measures
(e.g., Lower extremity or upper extremity functional scales)
Dimension Specific Measures
(e.g., McGill pain questionnaire)
What is ppi
present pain intensity
What does PICO stand for?
population/ problem
intervention/indicator
comparator
outcome
ex: In patients with acute grade 3 lateral ankle sprains…
would adding cryotherapy to standard ankle proprioception drills…
be more effective than ankle proprioception drills without cryotherapy…
and result in higher single leg balance scores and lower pain ratings?
The “O” in PICO is what in your search?
dependent variable
steps to do EBP?
- Have a CLEAR, SPECIFIC, ANSWERABLE question
- Find current, valid, high quality evidence for your question
3.Analyze the evidence by using EBM hierarchies for treatment, diagnosis, and prognosis
4.apply evidence
What does PRISMA stand for?
preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses
what is PRISMA?
set of minimum standards to help authors report evidence based systematic and meta-analyses
What methods are you evaluating within a study?
background info
Assumptions
limitations
definitions of terms/operational definitions
delimitations
abbreviations
research questions
hypotheses
Whats the purpose of the institutional review board (IRB)?
protect individual’s rights and ensure the safety of human subjects
What does IACUC stand for?
institutional animal care and use committee
What is IACUC? what must it include?
A review research using animals
- must include a description of the research, testing, exhibition, and care of the animals
What are the IRB application questions on
- study description
- subject question
- risk and benefits
-study’s procedures - confidentiality measures
- funding and subject compensation
- dissemination of information
How long does it take to get IRB approval?
up to 2 months
What level of IRB takes longer and the other not very long
Full board review; Expedited Review
What level of reviews go to the following subjects?
Inducing pain
children, prisoner, expecting mothers
surveys of k-tape by AT’s
Inducing pain= Full
children, prisoner, expecting mothers= full
surveys of k-tape by AT’s= expedited
Statistics are?
techniques by which data from a study is organized, treated, and presented for interpretation by other individuals
software programs
- statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS)
- Statistical analysis software (SAS)
- SPLUS
- Minitab
- Number crunchers statistical software (NCSS)
- MICROSOFT EXCEL
what are descriptive statuses for?
used to shape, central tendency, and variability of a set of data taken
what are the central tendencies?
mean, mode, and median
what is the mean?
average of the data
what is a median?
middle value
what is a mode?
most commonly observed nuumber
what is standard variance?
variation of the data surrounding the mean
what is standard deviance?
square root of variation
what is it when test fall under paramedic statistics?
dependent on certain assumptions about the data
what’s important bout assumption?
population is normally distributed
homogeneity of variance among the groups
observation are independent (I.I.D) (independent identically distribute)
what is inclusion criteria?
traits of the target and accessible population that qualify an individual for a study
what is exclusion criteria?
factors that would/may confound results
example of inclusion and exclusion
inclusion- gender demographic, specific diagnoses, or children, students, prisoners…
exclusion- pregnancy, metal plate, known or diagnosed allergies
what is sampling bias?
when subjects are selected from the pop. of interest that over-represent or under-represent the study
