Midterm Exam💀🏴☠️ Flashcards
is a scientific field of study that looks at how behavior is controlled and how it contributes to survival and reproductive success
Behavioral Ecology
is the passage of communication between two animals
Animal communication
What is Zoosemiotics?
The study of animal communication
The classical etholigical view of communication was developed by ______________?
Niko Tinbergen
Animal communication is also known as
Biological communication
What are the 4 types of communication?
Auditory, Visual, Chemical, Tactile
What type of communication displays in reproductive and agonistic behaviors?
Visual communication
Displays in Reproductive Behavior
Exhibited in this kind of behavior is the use of symbolic activity, with no serious harm done to either combatant
Ritual
What kind of behavior?
Both threatening and submissive behavior that determines which competitor gains access to some resource, such as food or a mate
Agonistic behavior
What kind of behavior?
Test of Strength
Agonistic behavior
What kind of behavior?
Often happens between conflicting individuals
Reconciliation behavior
Sending of information from one member to another by sound production
Auditory Communication
Auditory communication
The ability of some animals to sense their surroundings by analyzing the reflection of sound waves, or clicks they emit.
Echolocation
What are the 2 types of auditory communcation of birds?
Bird call and bird song
Bird Call or Bird Song?🤔
Consists of one or more short notes and seem to be instinctive repsonses to danger, nesting, flocking, and a few other basic situations.
Bird Call
Bird Call or Bird Song?🤔
Are used primarily to attract mates or establish territory
Bird Song
Information transmitted in the form of physical contact
Tactile Communication
Animals that communicate by odors to emit signals
Chemical Communication
Is the act of searching for wild food resources
Foraging Behavior
Is a branch of behavioral ecology that studies the foraging behavior of animals in response to the environment where the animals live
Foraging Theory
______________ affects an animal’s fitness because it plays an important role in an animal’s ability to survive and reproduce
Foraging
True or False
Foraging behavior only includes eating.
FALSE
Foraging behavior not only includes eating, but also mechanisms used in searching for, recognizing and capturing food.
The ________________________ proposes that foraging behavior is a compromise between the benefits of nutrition and the costs of obtaining food.
Optimal Foraging Theory
This theory assumes that natural selection acts on the foraging behavior of animals to maximize their energy gain.
Optimal Foraging Theory
4 Classifications of Foraging Behavior:
Herbivores, Carnivores, Omnivores, Detritovores
Factors Influencing Foraging Behavior:
Learning, Genetics, Predation, Parasitism
Factors Influencing Foraging Behavior
Defined as an adaptive change or modification of a behavior based on a previous experience
Learning
Factors Influencing Foraging Behavior
Refers to the presence of predators while an animal is foraging
Predation
Is maintained by frequency-dependent selection, leading to predictable sex ratios at equilibrium
Sexual Polymorphism
Sexual Polymorphism
the occurence of different forms among the members of a population or colony, or in the life cycle of an individual organism
Polymorphism
Greek —> having multiple forms
Polymorphism
Is the ratio of males to females in a population
Sex Ratio
Is a special type of natural selection in which the sexes acquire distinct forms
Sexual Selection
3 types of mating relationships:
Promiscuous, Monogamy, Polygamy
Types of mating relationship
No strong pair-bonds or lasting relationship (parang kayo chos)
Promiscuous
Types of mating relationship
One male mating with only one female
Monogamy
Types of mating relationships
An individual of one sex is mating with multiple of the other
Polygamy
Organisms that interact with physical environment
Physiological Ecology
Organisms maintain themselves in improbable steady-state relative to physical environment which includes properties of water, air, soils, temperature, and light.
Physiological Ecology
Examples of Abiotic Factor
Rain, temperature, salinity, radiation, pollution, and etc.
What is the meaning of homeostasis?
“same state”
Four physical processes that accounts for heat gain or loss
Conduction, Convection, Radiation, Evaporation
Physical processes that accounts for heat gain or loss
the transfer of heat by the movement of air or liquid past a surface
Conduction
Physical processes that accounts for heat gain or loss
direct transfer of thermal motion between molecules of objects in direct contact with each other
Convection
Physical processes that accounts for heat gain or loss
removal of heat from the surface of a liquid that is losing some of its molecules as gas
Evaporation
Physical processes that accounts for heat gain or loss
the emission of electromagnetic waves by all objects warmer than absolute zero, including the animal’s body and environment
Radiation
Animals have arrangements of blood vessels called ____________________that are important for reducing heat loss.
Countercurrent heat exchangers
Temperature
is a prolonged period of chilling or moist condition that is required for seed germination
Stratification
Temperature
is a period of moist-chilling or moist-warm conditions that overcomes physiological dormancy requirements in seeds of some plant species
Stratification
Temperature
is a period of cold temperatures required by some plant species to induce flowering
Vernalization
Refers to significant changes in global temperature, precipitation, wind patterns, and other measure of climate that occur over several decades or longer.
Climate change
Why is water necessary?
- Even more than food, water is critical to our immediate survival
- Water helps move nutrients throughout your body
The study of populations in relation to their environment
Population Ecology
Any group of organisms of the same species occupying a particular space and functioning as part of a biotic community
Population Growth
Population Characteristics
Number of individuals per unit of area
> examples: counts, sample size estimate, indirect indicators, mark and recapture
Density
Population Characteristics
Pattern of spacing
> examples: clumped, uniform, random
Dispersion
Pattern of spacing
> __________ - even spacing
> __________ is the patchy aggregation
> __________ - unpredictable, patternless spacing
> Uniform
> Clumped
> Random
Causes of Population Change:
Natality and Mortality
A naturally occuring source of wealth, as land or water
Natural Resources
Is the natural wealth of a country consisting of land, forests, mineral deposits, water, etc.
Natural Resources
2 ways to classify natural resources:
Biotic resources and Abiotic resources
Resources that can be replaced by human efforts
Renewable Resource
Limited resources that cannot be replaced once they are gone
Non-Renewable Resource
- An attempt to use a natural resource in a way to minimize use of resources such as water and etc.
- “aim is to maintain the resources in a good condition”
Conservation
- An attempt to prevent the use of natural resource
- “aim is to preserve” or keep it intact as it is or was
Preservation
Variability among living organism from all sources, including terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems
Biological Diversity
The “process of assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been degraded, damaged or destroyed”
Recovery or Restoration Ecosystem
The maximum number of organisms an ecosystem can hold
Carrying capacity
