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Sociology Psychology of Inequality > Midterm Exam > Flashcards

Midterm Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

social categories

A

social difference within a society deemed meaningful separate its members into social groups

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2
Q

social structure

A

social order with predictable patterns of social interaction and relations

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3
Q

social institutions

A

system of enduring behavioral and relationship patterns

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4
Q

social rules

A

expectations and obligations attached to a role with in a social institution

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5
Q

segregation

A

more frequent social interactions among those with similar social categories than dissimilar

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6
Q

four types of mental processing

A

attribution, role-taking, self-categorization, small groups

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7
Q

attribution

A

inferring the cause of someone else’s behavior

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8
Q

role-taking

A

view the self, others, or situation from another’s perspective

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9
Q

self-categorization

A

identifying with a social category

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10
Q

small groups

A

two or more individuals who recognize their group membership, interact on a regular basis, and are interdependent with shared goals

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11
Q

signs

A

can be seen as a natural, instinct, knowledge, action

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12
Q

symbols

A

distinct synage that carries knowledge behind it within a society

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13
Q

social location

A

akin to the idea of social categories, but specific about which category an individual falls into

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14
Q

self-concept (self-schema)

A

thoughts and geelings held about one’s self

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15
Q

actual self

A

who you are now

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16
Q

ssible self

A

who you want to become

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17
Q

situated self

A

who you are in a particular situation

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18
Q

three self-concept dimensions

A

identities, self-evaluations, personal qualities

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19
Q

identities(role and social)

A

social positions claimed by the self and the meanings attached to the positions by the self and others

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20
Q

role identity

A

within a social role, tied to/related to a social institution or other institutional roles (e.g. boss, parent, child)

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21
Q

social identity

A

as a member of a social category, culturally constructed meaningful category of difference (e.g. gender, sexuality, disability)

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22
Q

self-evaluations (role performance, self-esteem, self-efficacy)

A

positive or negative self-assessments

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23
Q

role performance

A

evaluation how well or poorly you are performing in a specific social role (e.g. good student, bad son)

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24
Q

self-esteem

A

an individual’s perception of their own worth as a person

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25
Q

self-efficacy

A

individual’s belief that one’s efforts will produce desired outcomes

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26
Q

personal qualities

A

adjectives used to describe yourself

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27
Q

self-concept formation

A

how we come to view ourselves is a social process shaped by numerous “others”

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28
Q

specific others

A

a person in your life

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29
Q

significant others

A

someone close to you (friend)

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30
Q

credible others

A

person capable of making assesment

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31
Q

generalized others

A

how you think certain groups or people in general view it

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32
Q

reference groups

A

group to which an individual or another group is compared (in-or-out groups)

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33
Q

four formation processes

A

identity adoption, reflected appraisals, social comparisons, self-perceptions

34
Q

identity adoption

A

form self-conceptions based on the social and role identities we claim

35
Q

three structural constraints on identity adoption

A

availability, visibility, value-inclination

36
Q

availability

A

identity claims need to be accepted by others

37
Q

visibility

A

adopt more distinguishing identities within a society (what sets you apart)

38
Q

value-inclination

A

adopt most valued identities with in a culture

39
Q

reflected appraisals

A

we form self conceptions based on what we perceive others think of us

40
Q

social comparison (upward, downward)

A

form self-conceptions by comparing self to others (realistic or constructive)

41
Q

downward social comparison

A

view self more favorably than the other

42
Q

upward social comparison

A

view self less favorably than the other

43
Q

self-perceptions

A

form self-conceptions by observing own behavior and monitoring own thoughts and feelings

44
Q

identity verification

A

self-view is consistent with own identity standard (self perception) and feedback from others (reflected appraisal)

45
Q

four components of human social behavior

A

affect, behavior, cognition, perception

46
Q

social object

A

anything relevant to a social interaction that has shared meaning within a group or society

47
Q

social cognition

A

how individuals organize and retrieve information

48
Q

cognitive structures

A

well-organized set of cognitions(thoughts, beliefs, info.) about something

49
Q

four types of schemas

A

person, group, role, event

50
Q

schemas and categories develop via …

A

direct and indirect experience

51
Q

direct experience

A

overgeneralize observations, selectively observe/ignore

52
Q

indirect experience

A

social networks, exposure to news and media

53
Q

belief perseverance

A

once developed, schemas are resistant to change even with new information

54
Q

social stigma

A

negative societal image for a deeply discrediting identity

55
Q

social status

A

rank order of social positions based on culturally defined standards of value in a society

56
Q

social perception

A

using casual observation to construct an understanding of a specific person or situation

57
Q

two forms of social perception

A

controlled and automatic process

58
Q

controlled process

A

slow conscious/deliberate information processing effort

59
Q

automatic process

A

fast unconscious process (reflex reaction) with little effort

60
Q

schematic influence

A

once a category is identified, use schemas to “fill in” information gaps about people of situations

61
Q

confirmation bias

A

seek out, pay more attention to and accept information that confirms pre-existing cognitions (ignore info. that doesn’t fit cognitions)

62
Q

impression formation

A

the process of forming an overall impression of a person

63
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

overestimating internal cues, underestimating external cues

64
Q

two forms of the dual process model

A

top-down (automatic), bottom-up (controlled)

65
Q

top-down (automatic)

A

identification of social position than apply schematic inferences to fill in gaps

66
Q

bottom-up (controlled)

A

personalization by paying more attention to personal qualities rather than social positions

67
Q

two reasons we are more likely to use bottom-up processing

A

self-involvement, accountability

68
Q

tend to use which process model more

A

top-down processing (automatic)

69
Q

self-involvement

A

paying attention is beneficial for you (object of perception has power over you)

70
Q

accountability

A

fear your impression might be invalidated by others

71
Q

primary effect

A

first impressions matter more than subsequent more recent observations

72
Q

negativity effect

A

negative traits are more influential than positive traits

73
Q

internal attribution

A

the cause lies within a characteristic of the individual

74
Q

external attribution

A

the cause stems from the social environment

75
Q

self-fulfilling prophecy

A

perceiver predicts a certain outcome of a person
perceiver behaves in a manner that makes person act the way you predicted

76
Q

stereotype threat

A

fear of conforming to commonly held neg. stereotype
produces negative emotional state
lowers individual performance

77
Q

impression management

A

out attempt to manipulate the person schema others’ form of use (appearance, demeanor)

78
Q

code switching

A

altering your self-expression to optimize the comfort of others in a social context

79
Q

stigmatization

A

process by which a person’s identity is spoiled or discredited

80
Q

four stigma management forms

A

passing, covering, distancing, reclaiming

Sociology Psychology of Inequality (1 decks)

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