Midterm Exam Flashcards
Violence against women occurs through 5 stages
pre-birth, infancy, adolescence, adulthood, elderly
Margaret Mead
did fieldwork in Samoa, New Guinea, and Bali
Ruth Benedict
-one of the founders of modern anthropology
-skilled fieldworker and ethnographer
Biological Determinism
a theory that biological differences between males and females leads to fundamentally different capacities, preferences, and gendered behaviors. This suggests that gender roles are rooted in biology, not culture, which is an unscientific claim
Biological sex
male or female identity based on internal and external sex organs and chromosomes. While male and female are the most common biological sexes, a percentage of humans is intersex with ambiguous or mixed biological sex characteristics
Transgender
a category for people who transition from one sex to another, either male to female or female to male
Third Gender
a gender identity that exists in non-binary gender systems offering one or more gender roles separate from male and female
Cisgender
a term used to describe those who identify with sex and gender they were assigned at birth
Androgyny
cultural definitions of gender that recognizes some gender differentiation, but also accepts “gender bending” and role-crossing according to individual capacities and preferences
Heteronormativity
coined by the French philosopher Michel Foucault to refer to the often-unnoticed system of rights and privileges that accompany normative sexual choices and family formation
Symbolic ethnicity
limited occasional displays of ethnic pride
Multiculturalism
maintenance of multiple cultural traditions in a single society
Amalgamation
interaction between members of distinct ethnic and cultural groups that reduce barriers over time
Acculturation
learning the values, traditions and customs of mainstream culture and forgo one’s own ethnic and cultural identity
Assimilation
pressure placed on minority groups to adopt the customs and traditions of the dominant culture
Race is a
social construct
Gender is a
social construct
Sexes are a
male/female is a biological construct
What was the ritual of ceremonial gift-giving involving which Native American tribe that Franz Bias wrote about?
Potlatch of the Kwakiutl people
Franz Boas
-skilled fieldworker and ethnographer
-encouraged his students to criticize themselves as much as others
Kinship
force that coalesces, and divides a bit
Race
force that divides, and bind a bit
Lewis Morgan
-not a trained social scientist
-through his knowledge, people started studying kinship
Sororate marriage
the practice of a man marrying the sister of his deceased wife, many agricultural communities
Patrilineal/Matrilineal cousin marriage
the practice of marrying a male or female cousin on the father/mother’s side of the family; ex: father’s brother’s daughter- Muslims
Polygny
marriage where there is one husband and multiple wives, religious texts allowed it, or silent on it; Muslims in India- up to 4
Serial monogamy
married to a succession of spouses one after another, USA (through mistresses and multiple partners are common)
Polyandry
marriage with one wife and multiple husbands, examples Maasai of Tanzania
Patrilineal descent
a kinship group created through the paternal line (father and their children
Matrilineal descent
a kinship group created through the maternal line (mother and their children)
Unilateral descent
is recognized only through one side of the family
Bilateral
one’s ancestry is recognized through both the father and mother’s side of the family
Descent groups
relationship that provide members with a sense of identity and social support based on ties of shared ancestry
Family
the smallest group of individuals who see themselves as connected to each other
Joint family
a very large extended family with multiple generations
Nuclear family
a parent of parents who are in a culturally recognized relationship such as marriage, along with minor or dependent children
Kinship
culturally recognized ties between members of a family, the social statuses to define family members, expected behavior associated with those statuses
Domestic group
a group of people who live together even if members don’t consider themselves a family
Participant observation methods
informal interviews, direct observation by living with a group
Theory of functionalism
culture functions to meet the needs of individuals rather than society as a whole
Bronislaw Malinowski
-Fieldwork in the Pacific Islands (Trobriand Islands)
-theory of functionalism
Where did Tylor travel?
Mexico
Criticism of Edward Tylor
barely traveled
Edward Burnett Tylor
-founder of cultural anthropology
-believer in social evolutionism: simple to complex
-first professor of anthropology
Latipso ceremonies
hospital
Holy mouth man
dentist
Process of inserting a small bundle of hog hairs with certain magical powders
brushing teeth
The small font in the shrine rooms are
sinks
The shrines in the house are
different rooms
The North American Group living between Canadian Cree, the Yaqui and Tarahumare of Mexico is?
Nacirema, Americans
Causes of the disappearance of many Native American tribes and nations
-wars and killing by European settlers
-new diseases
-destruction of social fabric leading to disintegration of entire communities
Modern industrialized societies
200 years
Peasants
or subsistence farmers, same time as pastoralists
Pastoralists
domestication of animals 12,000 years back
Hunter gatherers
90 percent of human history from origins
Ethnology
the study of customary patterns of human behavior
Linguistics
the study of human languages, written, and unwritten
Archaeology
-seeks to reconstruct the daily life and customs of peoples in the past and to trace cultural changes
-before written history and after written history
Biological anthropology
-questions the emergence of humans and their evolution
-questions how any why contemporary human populations vary biologically
4 subfields of anthropology
-biological
-archeology
-linguistics
-cultural (and social)
What do anthropologist want to understand?
how, where and how humans appeared on earth
What sort of human beings are not studied by anthropology?
undead (zombie)
Why do we study anthropology?
-to solve practical problems
-to alleviate misunderstandings between different cultural groups
-to understand physical differences
-how any why modern human populations very in certain physical features
-how and why societies, past and present, have varied their customary ideas and practices
What is anthropology?
the study of human beings
