Midterm Exam

Question 1

What holds the key for biological complexity

Answer 1

Genes->Transcripts->peptides->phenotypes

Question 2

What does genetics study

Answer 2

Heredity, the inheritance of genetic material and traits down generations

Question 3

What is classical genetics

Answer 3

The study of how descriptive factors are passed down from one gene to the next

Question 4

Why did mendel chose the garden pea

Answer 4

Easy to grow, short life cycle, and mating could ge controlled
Different varieties available
Used homozygous varieties

Question 5

What were the 7 characters mendel studied

Answer 5

Round or wrinkled
Yellow or green seed
Purple or white petals
Inflated or pinched pods
Green or yellow pods
Axial or terminal flowers
Long or shorr stems

Question 6

Mendels approach was important why

Answer 6

He designed each cross carefully and kept detailed records
Counted the number of offspring with traits
Kept track of generations
And made predictions

Question 7

Difference between cross pollination and selfing

Answer 7

Cross pollination is from one flower to another flower

Selfing is pollination of the same flower

Question 8

What are monohybrid crosses

Answer 8

Crosses of two varieties of true breeding plant that differed in only one character

Example: seed shape or seed colour

Question 9

What is thr particulate theory of genetics

Answer 9

Genetic information comes as two seperate and independent particles where:
One particle can be dominant over the other
The combinatjon of these particles change in F1 and F2 plants

They are not combining they have different extremes: wrinkled and smooth

Question 10

What is another name for address of genetic info

Answer 10

Locus: physical reguon in chromosomes where genes are

Question 11

What is the term for particle in genetics

Answer 11

Gene: unit of hereditary information

Question 12

Whag is the version of the particle yhat segregates

Answer 12

Allele: a version of a gene thag occupies a locus

Question 13

What are two identical particles together

Answer 13

Homozygous : when both alleles of a gene are yhr same in a diploid organism

Question 14

What are two different particles together

Answer 14

Heterozygous : when two alleles of a gene in a diploid organism differ

Question 15

What is mendels hypthesis in modern terms

Answer 15

Alternative versions of a gene account for variation
Organisms inherit 2 alleles one from each parent
If two alleles are different one may be dominant
Each haploid gamete carriers one allele of given trait and the dominant allele determines the phenotype

Question 16

What is mendels first law

Answer 16

Law of segregation : the recessive traits reappear in F2 generation the two alleles of the same gene segregate from eachother during germ cell formation

Question 17

What are the predictions of mendels 1st law

Answer 17

1. Reciprocal corsses should yield identical results: doesnt matter if its female or male gamete with dominant trait it should always give you 3:1 ratio in F2 generation
2. Of the F2 generation 2/3 should be Yy and 1/3 should be YY
   3 Gametes produces by a heterozygote should be Y or y in the ratio of 1:1

Question 18

What is a test cross

Answer 18

Crossing a plant with unknown genotype to homozygous recessive parent

Question 19

Which generation shows evidence for dominance

Answer 19

F1 - only has one potential phenotype and genotype

Question 20

Which generation illistrates segregstion of alleles from F1 gametes

Answer 20

F2 generation - shows the most differentiation in genotypes

Question 21

What is mendelians second law

Answer 21

Law of Independent Assortment: alleles of two or more genes segregate independently during transmission from parent to offspring

Question 22

What does it mean if Chi Squared value is 0

Answer 22

It means that our data equals perfectly and that they are consisted with the mendelians hypothesis

Question 23

If there are more rare phenotypes whag does that mean

Answer 23

It means that its possible the hypothesis is not correct or it isnt following this idea

Question 24

How many chromosomes does a human have

Answer 24

23 pars (2n = 46)
22 autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes

Question 25

Whats the difference between rare and recessive

Answer 25

Recessive is the mode of inheritence and rare is how frequent it is in the population

Question 26

What is a rigorous distinction

Answer 26

Dominant trait - unaffected parents cant have an affected child
Recessive trait - unaffected parents can gave an affected child

Question 27

Any is non-rigorous criteria

Answer 27

Dominant trait - tends to appear in every generation

Recessive trait - tends to skip generations