midterm exam Flashcards
Nature vs. Nurture
nature refers to our biological/genetic predispositions impact on human traits
nurture describes the influence of learning and other influences from ones environment
lifespan development covers the period from ____ to ____.
conception , death
chronological age
the period that has elapsed beginning with an individuals birth and extending to any given point in time.
biological age
a measurement of your age based on biomarkers- reflects a combination of your genetics, accumulated lifestyle factors, and other determinants
psychological age
how old one feels acts and behaves
the life span perspective
holds that patterns of change and transition occur throughout the working life
psychoanalytic theory of development
what do they believe most important in development
the idea that unconscious influences could have a powerful impact on human behavior
banduras observational learning
people cognitively represent behaviors of others
evolutionary theory of development
natural selection; evolutionary process by which individuals of species that are the best adapted are the ones that survive and reproduce
adaptive behavior; behavior that promotes an organisms survival in the natural habitat
observational research
must be systematic and controlled
how many pairs of chromosomes are found in each human cell?
23
genes
short segments of DNA , humans have approx. 20,500 genes
dominant-recessive genes principle
if one gene of a pair is dominant and one recessive, the dominant gene will be expressed in characeristic
sex linked genes
genes that are located in the sex specific chromosome (hemophilia)
chromosomal abnormalities (Down syndrome, sickle cell anemia) occurs primarily in \_\_\_\_
boys
chorionic ville sampling
sample of placenta , small risk of limb deformity
Amniocentesis
draw out of amniotic fluid
in vitro fertilization
egg and sperm are combined in a lab dish, fertilized eggs are transferred to a woman’s uterous
genotype vs. phenotype
geno: the persons genetic heritage actual genetic material
pheno: individuals gene expressed, observable and measurable
anoxia
the condition in which the fetus/newborn has an insufficient supply of oxygen due to the placenta and umbilical cord being compressed during uterine contractions. can cause brain damage.
egg and sperm fuse to create a single cell called a ____
zygote
prenatal development periods
germinal period, embryonic period, and fetal stage
teratogen
any agent that can cause a birth defector negatively alter cognitive ad behavioral outcomes
Apgar scale
assessed at 1 minute and again at 5 minutes after birth. a score of 0,1, or 2 is given for each; heart rate, body color, muscle tone, respiratory effort, and reflex irritability. 10 is highest score, 3 or below is emergency
anencephaly
head end of tube fails to close, leads to death
different types of birth
medicated: analgesia (pain reliever), anesthesia (epidural), oxytocin (stimulate contractions)
natural: relaxation techniques, lamaze
c-section: surgical removal of infant1
What % of babies are born in the US, are for in hospitals?
99%
def: Postpartum depression
% of women who develop it
type of mood disorder associated with childbirth: extreme sadness, anxiety, despair
75%
moro reflex
startle reflex, spreading out the arms and pulling them in
rooting reflex
newborn will turn to anything that strokes it cheeks , breastfeeding
gross motor skills
these skills involve large muscle activities, such as trunk control, sitting without support, moving ones arms, and walking and jumping
fine motor skills
small muscles such as those needed to button a shirt or hold a pencil etc
when does the ability to hear begin?
during last 2 months of pregancy
average amount newborns sleep in a day
18 hrs
palmer grasp vs pincer grasp
palmer: grip with whole hand
pincer: grasp with thumb and forefinger
the “visual cliff” experiment
infants 6 months and older can distinguish depth
laterilization
specialization of function in 1 hemisphere of the cerebral cortex
proximodistal pattern
sequence in which growth starts in the center of the body and moves outward
Piaget cognitive development
sensorimotor stage: lasts birth - 2 yrs, infants contract an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences within their environment
object permanence: the understanding that objects continue to exist when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched.
language development
holophrase: use one word to communicate
motherese: speech that is used to talk to children, higher, softer pitch, sing-song tone
telegraphic sentences: 2-3 words express a want or need
linguistic production: use of language
pragmatics: the study of how context contributes to meaning
stranger anxiety
infant shows a fear of weariness of strangers
eriksons psychosocial stages of development
trust vs mistrust: dependability and quality of caregiver
attachment: a close emotional bond between the infant and caregiver and is the most important form of social development that occurs during infancy
harlowes monkey experiment: showing effects of deprivation on young monkeys. revealed the importance of attachment and live for healthy childhood development
seperation anxiety
the distress displayed by infants when separated from care provider
social referencing
seeking and use of info from another individual to evaluate a situation
social smiling vs reflexive smiling
social: response to external stimuli
reflexive: not responsive to external stimuli
Rouge experiment helps you know if the child has gained self- ____
sense
autonomy vs shame and doubt
focused on children developing a greater sense of personal control
vygotskys zone of proximal development
range of tasks that are too difficult for the child alone but that can be learned with guidance
leading cause of death in young children
motor vehicle accidents
what does the 1975 law PL 94-142 state that public schools must provide?
free, appropriate public education for students with disabilities
IEP
a written statement/program specifically tailored for the student with a disability
ADHD
child consistently shows one or more of the following: inattention, hyperactivity, and impulse
head start
provides low income children the opportunity to acquire skills and experience
montessori approach
teacher is facilitator
animism
belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities and are capable of action
parenting styles
authoritarian: parents demand obedience and respect but did not show warmth
authoritative: encourages children to be independent while placing limits and controls on actions, lots of warmth
neglectful: parent is very uninvolved in Childs life
indulgent: parents highly involved but places few demands/controls on child
resilience
the ability to overcome adverse situations
do young children consider someones intentions?
no
gender
male or female
gender role
set of expectations that prescribe how male and females should act, think, and feel
gender typing
acquisition of a traditional masculine/feminine role
concrete operations
- ages 7-11
- can reason logically about concrete things
- now have conservation and reversibility
- seriation
- transtivity
who has better gross motor skills? boys or girls?
boys
best way to develop writing skills
encourage kids to not be overly concerned about the formation of letter and spelling
autism
problems in social interaction, and verbal and nonverbal communication and repetitive behavior
children this age can do things with language orally before they can do the same task in _____
writing
who is taller by age 11?
females
popular children
well liked students, have “best friend”
how common is bullying?
nearly 1 out of 3 children are bullied
what are some reasons America is not leading the world in math and science ?
less time teaching math (Japan 1/4th vs US 1/10th)
fewer days in school
parents mindset; growth vs. fixed
how many hours of tv do kids watch per week?
25-30
industry vs inferiority
industry: interested in how things work, how things are made: encourage them in their efforts to master things
inferior: if parents and others say the child is only “making “ or “causing mischief”
how can adults help children who have experienced a disaster?
- reassure them of their safety
- allow them to retell events and listen patiently
- encourage them to talk about disturbing feelings
- protect them from re-exposure
- help them make sense of what happened
gender differences in physical development
- women have 2x body fat (breasts and hips)
- on avg men grow 10% taller
- women have longer life expectancy
which gender is typically more physically aggressive
boys
why is the ability to take someone else’s perspective important
there are a variety of beneficial outcomes
gender differences may be due to biological factors, sociocultural factors, or both
what does it mean that gender differences are on average?
because even where there are differences, there is actually a considerable overlap between men and women
when parents manage their children, those kids have fewer ____ related problems
school
