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human growth and development > midterm exam > Flashcards

midterm exam Flashcards

1
Q

Nature vs. Nurture

A

nature refers to our biological/genetic predispositions impact on human traits
nurture describes the influence of learning and other influences from ones environment

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2
Q

lifespan development covers the period from ____ to ____.

A

conception , death

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3
Q

chronological age

A

the period that has elapsed beginning with an individuals birth and extending to any given point in time.

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4
Q

biological age

A

a measurement of your age based on biomarkers- reflects a combination of your genetics, accumulated lifestyle factors, and other determinants

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5
Q

psychological age

A

how old one feels acts and behaves

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6
Q

the life span perspective

A

holds that patterns of change and transition occur throughout the working life

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7
Q

psychoanalytic theory of development

what do they believe most important in development

A

the idea that unconscious influences could have a powerful impact on human behavior

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8
Q

banduras observational learning

A

people cognitively represent behaviors of others

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9
Q

evolutionary theory of development

A

natural selection; evolutionary process by which individuals of species that are the best adapted are the ones that survive and reproduce
adaptive behavior; behavior that promotes an organisms survival in the natural habitat

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10
Q

observational research

A

must be systematic and controlled

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11
Q

how many pairs of chromosomes are found in each human cell?

A

23

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12
Q

genes

A

short segments of DNA , humans have approx. 20,500 genes

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13
Q

dominant-recessive genes principle

A

if one gene of a pair is dominant and one recessive, the dominant gene will be expressed in characeristic

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14
Q

sex linked genes

A

genes that are located in the sex specific chromosome (hemophilia)

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15
Q 
chromosomal abnormalities (Down syndrome, sickle cell anemia) 
occurs primarily in \_\_\_\_
A

boys

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16
Q

chorionic ville sampling

A

sample of placenta , small risk of limb deformity

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17
Q

Amniocentesis

A

draw out of amniotic fluid

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18
Q

in vitro fertilization

A

egg and sperm are combined in a lab dish, fertilized eggs are transferred to a woman’s uterous

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19
Q

genotype vs. phenotype

A

geno: the persons genetic heritage actual genetic material
pheno: individuals gene expressed, observable and measurable

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20
Q

anoxia

A

the condition in which the fetus/newborn has an insufficient supply of oxygen due to the placenta and umbilical cord being compressed during uterine contractions. can cause brain damage.

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21
Q

egg and sperm fuse to create a single cell called a ____

A

zygote

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22
Q

prenatal development periods

A

germinal period, embryonic period, and fetal stage

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23
Q

teratogen

A

any agent that can cause a birth defector negatively alter cognitive ad behavioral outcomes

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24
Q

Apgar scale

A

assessed at 1 minute and again at 5 minutes after birth. a score of 0,1, or 2 is given for each; heart rate, body color, muscle tone, respiratory effort, and reflex irritability. 10 is highest score, 3 or below is emergency

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25
Q

anencephaly

A

head end of tube fails to close, leads to death

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26
Q

different types of birth

A

medicated: analgesia (pain reliever), anesthesia (epidural), oxytocin (stimulate contractions)
natural: relaxation techniques, lamaze
c-section: surgical removal of infant1

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27
Q

What % of babies are born in the US, are for in hospitals?

A

99%

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28
Q

def: Postpartum depression

% of women who develop it

A

type of mood disorder associated with childbirth: extreme sadness, anxiety, despair
75%

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29
Q

moro reflex

A

startle reflex, spreading out the arms and pulling them in

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30
Q

rooting reflex

A

newborn will turn to anything that strokes it cheeks , breastfeeding

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31
Q

gross motor skills

A

these skills involve large muscle activities, such as trunk control, sitting without support, moving ones arms, and walking and jumping

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32
Q

fine motor skills

A

small muscles such as those needed to button a shirt or hold a pencil etc

33
Q

when does the ability to hear begin?

A

during last 2 months of pregancy

34
Q

average amount newborns sleep in a day

A

18 hrs

35
Q

palmer grasp vs pincer grasp

A

palmer: grip with whole hand
pincer: grasp with thumb and forefinger

36
Q

the “visual cliff” experiment

A

infants 6 months and older can distinguish depth

37
Q

laterilization

A

specialization of function in 1 hemisphere of the cerebral cortex

38
Q

proximodistal pattern

A

sequence in which growth starts in the center of the body and moves outward

39
Q

Piaget cognitive development

A

sensorimotor stage: lasts birth - 2 yrs, infants contract an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences within their environment
object permanence: the understanding that objects continue to exist when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched.

40
Q

language development

A

holophrase: use one word to communicate
motherese: speech that is used to talk to children, higher, softer pitch, sing-song tone
telegraphic sentences: 2-3 words express a want or need
linguistic production: use of language
pragmatics: the study of how context contributes to meaning

41
Q

stranger anxiety

A

infant shows a fear of weariness of strangers

42
Q

eriksons psychosocial stages of development

A

trust vs mistrust: dependability and quality of caregiver
attachment: a close emotional bond between the infant and caregiver and is the most important form of social development that occurs during infancy
harlowes monkey experiment: showing effects of deprivation on young monkeys. revealed the importance of attachment and live for healthy childhood development

43
Q

seperation anxiety

A

the distress displayed by infants when separated from care provider

44
Q

social referencing

A

seeking and use of info from another individual to evaluate a situation

45
Q

social smiling vs reflexive smiling

A

social: response to external stimuli
reflexive: not responsive to external stimuli

46
Q

Rouge experiment helps you know if the child has gained self- ____

A

sense

47
Q

autonomy vs shame and doubt

A

focused on children developing a greater sense of personal control

48
Q

vygotskys zone of proximal development

A

range of tasks that are too difficult for the child alone but that can be learned with guidance

49
Q

leading cause of death in young children

A

motor vehicle accidents

50
Q

what does the 1975 law PL 94-142 state that public schools must provide?

A

free, appropriate public education for students with disabilities

51
Q

IEP

A

a written statement/program specifically tailored for the student with a disability

52
Q

ADHD

A

child consistently shows one or more of the following: inattention, hyperactivity, and impulse

53
Q

head start

A

provides low income children the opportunity to acquire skills and experience

54
Q

montessori approach

A

teacher is facilitator

55
Q

animism

A

belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities and are capable of action

56
Q

parenting styles

A

authoritarian: parents demand obedience and respect but did not show warmth
authoritative: encourages children to be independent while placing limits and controls on actions, lots of warmth
neglectful: parent is very uninvolved in Childs life
indulgent: parents highly involved but places few demands/controls on child

57
Q

resilience

A

the ability to overcome adverse situations

58
Q

do young children consider someones intentions?

A

no

59
Q

gender

A

male or female

60
Q

gender role

A

set of expectations that prescribe how male and females should act, think, and feel

61
Q

gender typing

A

acquisition of a traditional masculine/feminine role

62
Q

concrete operations

A
  • ages 7-11
  • can reason logically about concrete things
  • now have conservation and reversibility
  • seriation
  • transtivity
63
Q

who has better gross motor skills? boys or girls?

A

boys

64
Q

best way to develop writing skills

A

encourage kids to not be overly concerned about the formation of letter and spelling

65
Q

autism

A

problems in social interaction, and verbal and nonverbal communication and repetitive behavior

66
Q

children this age can do things with language orally before they can do the same task in _____

A

writing

67
Q

who is taller by age 11?

A

females

68
Q

popular children

A

well liked students, have “best friend”

69
Q

how common is bullying?

A

nearly 1 out of 3 children are bullied

70
Q

what are some reasons America is not leading the world in math and science ?

A

less time teaching math (Japan 1/4th vs US 1/10th)
fewer days in school
parents mindset; growth vs. fixed

71
Q

how many hours of tv do kids watch per week?

A

25-30

72
Q

industry vs inferiority

A

industry: interested in how things work, how things are made: encourage them in their efforts to master things
inferior: if parents and others say the child is only “making “ or “causing mischief”

73
Q

how can adults help children who have experienced a disaster?

A
  • reassure them of their safety
  • allow them to retell events and listen patiently
  • encourage them to talk about disturbing feelings
  • protect them from re-exposure
  • help them make sense of what happened
74
Q

gender differences in physical development

A
  • women have 2x body fat (breasts and hips)
  • on avg men grow 10% taller
  • women have longer life expectancy
75
Q

which gender is typically more physically aggressive

A

boys

76
Q

why is the ability to take someone else’s perspective important

A

there are a variety of beneficial outcomes

77
Q

gender differences may be due to biological factors, sociocultural factors, or both

A
78
Q

what does it mean that gender differences are on average?

A

because even where there are differences, there is actually a considerable overlap between men and women

79
Q

when parents manage their children, those kids have fewer ____ related problems

A

school

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