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AHS 321 - Legal and Ethical Issues for Health Professionals > Midterm Exam > Flashcards

Midterm Exam Flashcards

1
Q

The ethical theory that denies that the consequences of an action or rule are the only criteria for determining the morality of an action or rule.

A

non-consequential

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2
Q

The theory of ethics that focuses on one’s duties to others

A

Deontological

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3
Q

One’s need to survive can change his or her __________ character in order to survive.

A

Moral

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4
Q

A form of beneficence that may involve, for example, withholding information from a person because of the belief that it is in the best interest of that person.

A

Paternalism

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5
Q

A moral __________ is something that has worth.

A

Value

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6
Q

A person is one who has moral integrity and has a strict regard for doing what is considered the right thing to do.

A

conscientious

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7
Q

A person who is said to have a steadfast adherence to a strict moral or ethical code is considered to have __________.

A

Integrity

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8
Q

One’s moral character can sometimes change as circumstances change, thus the term _________ ethics.

A

Situational

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9
Q

Abortion issues

A

may involve breaking some ethical norm or value system
mother’s right’s
rights of a fetus
state’s interests in protecting life

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10
Q

The third trimester of a pregnancy involves

A

a state’s right to prohibit all abortions except those deemed necessary to protect maternal life or health

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11
Q

The injection of the spouse’s seminal fluid into a woman to induce pregnancy is referred to as

A

homologous artificial insemination

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12
Q

The principle of justice, as it relates to research, involves whether or not each person is treated

A

Equally

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13
Q

Wrongful life suits are generally unsuccessful

A

primarily because of the court’s unwillingness, for public policy reasons, to permit financial recovery for the “injury” of being born into the world.

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14
Q

Euthanasia is defined broadly as a

A

mercy killing of the hopelessly ill

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15
Q

Passive euthanasia occurs when

A

lifesaving treatment (such as a respirator) is withdrawn or withheld, allowing the terminally ill patient to die a natural death

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16
Q

Voluntary euthanasia occurs when

A

a competent adult patient with an incurable condition, who has been informed of the possible ramifications and alternatives available, chooses death by, for example, the self administration of a lethal dose of a medication

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17
Q

A Durable Power of Attorney for health care is

A

a legal device that permits an individual known as the “principal” to give to another person called the “attorney-in-fact” the authority to act on his or her behalf in making

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18
Q

Futility of Treatment

A

relates to medical occurrences where the physician recognizes that the effect of treatment will be of no benefit to the patient

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19
Q

When there exists an element of uncertainty regarding a patient’s wishes in an emergency situation, the situation should be resolved

A

in a way that favors the preservation of life.

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20
Q

An ethics committee serves as a hospital resource to

A

patients
families
caregivers
guardians

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21
Q

The goals of the ethics committee are to

A

promote the rights of patients
promote shared decision-making between patients & their clinicians
assist the patient & family, as appropriate, in coming to consensus with the options that best meet the patient’s goal for care
promote fair policies & procedures that maximize the likelihood of achieving good, patient centered outcomes

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22
Q

The functions of ethics committees are multifaceted & include

A

development of policy guidelines to assist in resolving ethical dilemmas
staff & community education
conflict resolution;
case reviews, support, & consultation; & education

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23
Q

Decision-making is not easy when there are

A

alternative choices

a variety of value beliefs from patients, family members, & caregivers

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24
Q

Circular Reasoning describes a person that

A

has already decided the correctness of something

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25
Q

The obligation to be fair in the distribution of benefits and risks is referred to as ___________.

A

Justice

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26
Q

Michigan is #1 with the most human trafficking cases in the United States.

A

False

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27
Q

The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) __________.

A

All of these are correct

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28
Q

Federal regulations control federal grants that apply to experiments involving new __________.

A

All of these are correct

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29
Q

In the video about Terry Pratchett Choosing to Die, what disease is he inflicted with?

A

Alzeheimer’s Disease

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30
Q

The theory of __________ holds that morality is relative to the norms of one’s culture.

A

ethical relativism

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31
Q

__________ is the unintentional commission or omission of an act that a reasonably prudent person would or would not perform under given circumstances.

A

Negligence

32
Q

One who has control over his/her own actions is __________.

A

autonomous

33
Q

A form of ethics where an individual’s personal view of right and wrong, commonly based on personal life experiences, is often referred to as ____________ ethics.

A

Micro

34
Q

The concept of _____________ is a system of checks and balances which provide that no branch of government has more power than the other branches.

A

separation of powers

35
Q

__________ of treatment occurs when the physician recognizes that the effect of treatment will be of no benefit to the patient.

A

Futility

36
Q

Abortion issues can involve __________.

A

All of these are correct

37
Q

Although ethics committees first emerged in the 1960s in the United States, attention was focused on them in the landmark 1976 _________ case.

A

Quinlan

38
Q

Which of the following APA citation from an online website is correct?

A

Shark, S. (2012). I am not a morning person. Retrieved March 18, 2012, from

http://www.morningperson.com/10/22/56

39
Q

______________ describes the principle of doing good, demonstrating kindness, showing compassion, and helping others.

A

Beneficence

40
Q

Which of the following journal article citation is correct in APA?

A

Poortman, A. (2008). How work affects divorce: The mediating role of financial and time pressures.

Journal of Family Issues, 26(2), 168-180.

41
Q

The intentional commission of an act, such as getting a patient a lethal drug that results in death is referred, to as __________ euthanasia

A

Active

42
Q

Common law is derived from __________.

A

Judicial decisions

43
Q

The reasonable anticipation that harm or injury will result from an act or a failure to act is __________.

A

foreseeability

44
Q

The __________ ethical theory of ethics denies that the consequences of an action or rule are the only criteria for determining the morality of an action or rule.

A

Non-consequential

45
Q

Oregon’s Death with Dignity Act requires that the __________ administer the medications to the patient for purposes of euthanasia.

A

Patient

46
Q

Which APA citation for a book is correct?

A

Pozgar, G. D. (2016). Legal and ethical issues for health professionals (4th ed.). Burlington, MA:

Jones & Bartlett Learning.

47
Q

The “Patient Self-Determination Act of 1980” was enacted to ensure that patients are informed of their rights to execute advanced directives and accept or ________ medical care.

A

Refuse

48
Q

__________ are designed to provide patients through a legal document the ability to appoint health care agents to make treatment decisions in the event they become incompetent to make their own decisions.

A

Health care proxies

49
Q

The international code of ethics that governs human research & experimentation is the __________.

A

Nuremberg Code & Declaration of Helsinki

50
Q

Based on Roe v. Wade, the second trimester of a pregnancy involves __________.

A

a state’s right to regulate abortion procedures in ways reasonably related to

51
Q

The instrument or legal document that describes those treatments an individual wishes or does not wish to receive should he or she become incapacitated and unable to communicate treatment decisions is referred to as a __________.

A

Living will

52
Q

Federal regulations require hospital-based researchers to obtain approval of an institutional review board, which functions to __________.

A

both review proposed research studies and conduct follow-up reviews on a regular basis

53
Q

Michigan’s Rape Insurance Law is coverage for a woman who is raped, becomes pregnant and wants to keep the baby.

A

False

54
Q

A __________ is a legal device that permits one individual, known as the “principal,” to give another person, called the “attorney in fact,” the authority to act on his or her behalf.

A

durable power of attorney

55
Q

An ethical consideration that must be addressed when conducting research __________.

A

Informed consent

56
Q

__________treatment is a decision not to initiate treatment or medical intervention for the patient.

A

Withholding

57
Q

__________ Death with Dignity Act, involving physician-assisted suicide, became a legal medical option for terminally ill patients.

A

Oregon’s

58
Q

When there exists an element of uncertainty regarding a patient’s wishes in an emergency situation, the situation should be resolved __________.

A

In a way that favors the preservation of life.

59
Q

Switzerland doesn’t have an age limit for someone choosing assisted dying (suicide).

A

False

60
Q

___________ euthanasia occurs when a person suffering an incurable disease makes the decision to die.

A

Voluntary

61
Q

The __________ theory of ethics focuses on one’s duties to others.

A

Deontological

62
Q

An __________ is hospital advisory body with multidisciplinary membership from the hospital and the community whose purpose is to facilitate the discussion and resolution of ethical issues and dilemmas arising in the patient care setting.

A

Ethics committee

63
Q

Health care dilemmas often occur when there are __________.

A

alternative choices, limited resources, and differing values among patients, family, and caregivers.

64
Q

The court in Doe v. Zimmerman declared unconstitutional a Pennsylvania Abortion Control Act provision that required __________.

A

written consent of the spouse

65
Q

Physicians have a clear duty to inform patients about the _________ and benefits of experimental procedures, as well as about the alternatives to experimental procedures.

A

Risks

66
Q

In the Terry Pratchett video Choosing to Die, Terry eventually chose to end his life by using medication.

A

False

67
Q

__________ dilemmas arise when values, rights, duties, and loyalties conflict and when not everyone, consequently, is satisfied with a particular decision.

A

Moral

68
Q

__________ is the process of deciding the right thing to do when facing a moral dilemma.

A

Ethical decision-making

69
Q

To recover damages caused by negligence, one must prove __________.

A

all of these answers are correct

70
Q

Wrongful birth actions claim that __________.

A

but for breach of duty by the defendant, a child would not have been born.

71
Q

Ethical ___________ are universal rules of conduct, derived from theories that provide a practical basis for what kinds of actions, intentions, and motives are valued.

A

Principles

72
Q

The injection of the spouse’s seminal fluid into a woman to induce pregnancy is referred to as __________.

A

homologous artificial insemination

73
Q

Gen. Nguyen Ngoc Loan, chief of South Viet Nam’s national police, walked up and shot a prisoner in the head. His reason: The prisoner, a Viet Cong lieutenant, had just murdered a South Vietnamese colonel, his wife and their six children. Assuming this is out of one’s moral character, the __________ theory of ethics applies here.

A

Situational

74
Q

According to __________, every human being of adult years has a right to determine what shall be done with his own body; and the surgeon who performs an operation without his patient’s consent commits an assault for which he is liable for damages.

A

Schloendorff v. Society of New York Hospital

75
Q

Explain why there is declining trust in politics.

A

Politicians do not always set good examples for the people they serve, leading to distrust in the government.

76
Q

Explain why courage is often considered to be the “ladder upon which all other virtues mount.”

A

Courage helps to define one’s character and offers the strength to stand up for what is good and right. It crosses over and unites all other values.

AHS 321 - Legal and Ethical Issues for Health Professionals (12 decks)

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