Midterm Exam Flashcards
The ethical theory that denies that the consequences of an action or rule are the only criteria for determining the morality of an action or rule.
non-consequential
The theory of ethics that focuses on one’s duties to others
Deontological
One’s need to survive can change his or her __________ character in order to survive.
Moral
A form of beneficence that may involve, for example, withholding information from a person because of the belief that it is in the best interest of that person.
Paternalism
A moral __________ is something that has worth.
Value
A person is one who has moral integrity and has a strict regard for doing what is considered the right thing to do.
conscientious
A person who is said to have a steadfast adherence to a strict moral or ethical code is considered to have __________.
Integrity
One’s moral character can sometimes change as circumstances change, thus the term _________ ethics.
Situational
Abortion issues
may involve breaking some ethical norm or value system
mother’s right’s
rights of a fetus
state’s interests in protecting life
The third trimester of a pregnancy involves
a state’s right to prohibit all abortions except those deemed necessary to protect maternal life or health
The injection of the spouse’s seminal fluid into a woman to induce pregnancy is referred to as
homologous artificial insemination
The principle of justice, as it relates to research, involves whether or not each person is treated
Equally
Wrongful life suits are generally unsuccessful
primarily because of the court’s unwillingness, for public policy reasons, to permit financial recovery for the “injury” of being born into the world.
Euthanasia is defined broadly as a
mercy killing of the hopelessly ill
Passive euthanasia occurs when
lifesaving treatment (such as a respirator) is withdrawn or withheld, allowing the terminally ill patient to die a natural death
Voluntary euthanasia occurs when
a competent adult patient with an incurable condition, who has been informed of the possible ramifications and alternatives available, chooses death by, for example, the self administration of a lethal dose of a medication
A Durable Power of Attorney for health care is
a legal device that permits an individual known as the “principal” to give to another person called the “attorney-in-fact” the authority to act on his or her behalf in making
Futility of Treatment
relates to medical occurrences where the physician recognizes that the effect of treatment will be of no benefit to the patient
When there exists an element of uncertainty regarding a patient’s wishes in an emergency situation, the situation should be resolved
in a way that favors the preservation of life.
An ethics committee serves as a hospital resource to
patients
families
caregivers
guardians
The goals of the ethics committee are to
promote the rights of patients
promote shared decision-making between patients & their clinicians
assist the patient & family, as appropriate, in coming to consensus with the options that best meet the patient’s goal for care
promote fair policies & procedures that maximize the likelihood of achieving good, patient centered outcomes
The functions of ethics committees are multifaceted & include
development of policy guidelines to assist in resolving ethical dilemmas
staff & community education
conflict resolution;
case reviews, support, & consultation; & education
Decision-making is not easy when there are
alternative choices
a variety of value beliefs from patients, family members, & caregivers
Circular Reasoning describes a person that
has already decided the correctness of something
The obligation to be fair in the distribution of benefits and risks is referred to as ___________.
Justice
Michigan is #1 with the most human trafficking cases in the United States.
False
The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) __________.
All of these are correct
Federal regulations control federal grants that apply to experiments involving new __________.
All of these are correct
In the video about Terry Pratchett Choosing to Die, what disease is he inflicted with?
Alzeheimer’s Disease
The theory of __________ holds that morality is relative to the norms of one’s culture.
ethical relativism
__________ is the unintentional commission or omission of an act that a reasonably prudent person would or would not perform under given circumstances.
Negligence
One who has control over his/her own actions is __________.
autonomous
A form of ethics where an individual’s personal view of right and wrong, commonly based on personal life experiences, is often referred to as ____________ ethics.
Micro
The concept of _____________ is a system of checks and balances which provide that no branch of government has more power than the other branches.
separation of powers
__________ of treatment occurs when the physician recognizes that the effect of treatment will be of no benefit to the patient.
Futility
Abortion issues can involve __________.
All of these are correct
Although ethics committees first emerged in the 1960s in the United States, attention was focused on them in the landmark 1976 _________ case.
Quinlan
Which of the following APA citation from an online website is correct?
Shark, S. (2012). I am not a morning person. Retrieved March 18, 2012, from
http://www.morningperson.com/10/22/56
______________ describes the principle of doing good, demonstrating kindness, showing compassion, and helping others.
Beneficence
Which of the following journal article citation is correct in APA?
Poortman, A. (2008). How work affects divorce: The mediating role of financial and time pressures.
Journal of Family Issues, 26(2), 168-180.
The intentional commission of an act, such as getting a patient a lethal drug that results in death is referred, to as __________ euthanasia
Active
Common law is derived from __________.
Judicial decisions
The reasonable anticipation that harm or injury will result from an act or a failure to act is __________.
foreseeability
The __________ ethical theory of ethics denies that the consequences of an action or rule are the only criteria for determining the morality of an action or rule.
Non-consequential
Oregon’s Death with Dignity Act requires that the __________ administer the medications to the patient for purposes of euthanasia.
Patient
Which APA citation for a book is correct?
Pozgar, G. D. (2016). Legal and ethical issues for health professionals (4th ed.). Burlington, MA:
Jones & Bartlett Learning.
The “Patient Self-Determination Act of 1980” was enacted to ensure that patients are informed of their rights to execute advanced directives and accept or ________ medical care.
Refuse
__________ are designed to provide patients through a legal document the ability to appoint health care agents to make treatment decisions in the event they become incompetent to make their own decisions.
Health care proxies
The international code of ethics that governs human research & experimentation is the __________.
Nuremberg Code & Declaration of Helsinki
Based on Roe v. Wade, the second trimester of a pregnancy involves __________.
a state’s right to regulate abortion procedures in ways reasonably related to
The instrument or legal document that describes those treatments an individual wishes or does not wish to receive should he or she become incapacitated and unable to communicate treatment decisions is referred to as a __________.
Living will
Federal regulations require hospital-based researchers to obtain approval of an institutional review board, which functions to __________.
both review proposed research studies and conduct follow-up reviews on a regular basis
Michigan’s Rape Insurance Law is coverage for a woman who is raped, becomes pregnant and wants to keep the baby.
False
A __________ is a legal device that permits one individual, known as the “principal,” to give another person, called the “attorney in fact,” the authority to act on his or her behalf.
durable power of attorney
An ethical consideration that must be addressed when conducting research __________.
Informed consent
__________treatment is a decision not to initiate treatment or medical intervention for the patient.
Withholding
__________ Death with Dignity Act, involving physician-assisted suicide, became a legal medical option for terminally ill patients.
Oregon’s
When there exists an element of uncertainty regarding a patient’s wishes in an emergency situation, the situation should be resolved __________.
In a way that favors the preservation of life.
Switzerland doesn’t have an age limit for someone choosing assisted dying (suicide).
False
___________ euthanasia occurs when a person suffering an incurable disease makes the decision to die.
Voluntary
The __________ theory of ethics focuses on one’s duties to others.
Deontological
An __________ is hospital advisory body with multidisciplinary membership from the hospital and the community whose purpose is to facilitate the discussion and resolution of ethical issues and dilemmas arising in the patient care setting.
Ethics committee
Health care dilemmas often occur when there are __________.
alternative choices, limited resources, and differing values among patients, family, and caregivers.
The court in Doe v. Zimmerman declared unconstitutional a Pennsylvania Abortion Control Act provision that required __________.
written consent of the spouse
Physicians have a clear duty to inform patients about the _________ and benefits of experimental procedures, as well as about the alternatives to experimental procedures.
Risks
In the Terry Pratchett video Choosing to Die, Terry eventually chose to end his life by using medication.
False
__________ dilemmas arise when values, rights, duties, and loyalties conflict and when not everyone, consequently, is satisfied with a particular decision.
Moral
__________ is the process of deciding the right thing to do when facing a moral dilemma.
Ethical decision-making
To recover damages caused by negligence, one must prove __________.
all of these answers are correct
Wrongful birth actions claim that __________.
but for breach of duty by the defendant, a child would not have been born.
Ethical ___________ are universal rules of conduct, derived from theories that provide a practical basis for what kinds of actions, intentions, and motives are valued.
Principles
The injection of the spouse’s seminal fluid into a woman to induce pregnancy is referred to as __________.
homologous artificial insemination
Gen. Nguyen Ngoc Loan, chief of South Viet Nam’s national police, walked up and shot a prisoner in the head. His reason: The prisoner, a Viet Cong lieutenant, had just murdered a South Vietnamese colonel, his wife and their six children. Assuming this is out of one’s moral character, the __________ theory of ethics applies here.
Situational
According to __________, every human being of adult years has a right to determine what shall be done with his own body; and the surgeon who performs an operation without his patient’s consent commits an assault for which he is liable for damages.
Schloendorff v. Society of New York Hospital
Explain why there is declining trust in politics.
Politicians do not always set good examples for the people they serve, leading to distrust in the government.
Explain why courage is often considered to be the “ladder upon which all other virtues mount.”
Courage helps to define one’s character and offers the strength to stand up for what is good and right. It crosses over and unites all other values.
