Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ANTH1001 > MidTerm Exam #1 > Flashcards

MidTerm Exam #1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is this courses main question?

A

What does it mean to be human?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How do we study the question: What does it mean to be human?

A

Anthropology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Anthropology

A

The study of humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 4 subsidies of anthropology?

A
  1. linguistic anthropology
  2. Social anthropology
  3. Archaeology
  4. Biological anthropology
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What area of anthropology are we focusing on in this course?

A

Paleoanthropology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where do humans fall on the tree of life?

A
  • animals
  • mammals
  • primates
  • apes
  • HOMO SAPIENS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Bipedalism

A

locomotion on two feet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

facultative bipedalism

A

temporary locomotion on two feet in specific situations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

habitual bipedalism

A

primarily bipedal, but is easily capable of other forms of locomotion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Obligate Bipedalism

A

exclusively bipedal, no practical alternative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Human complex langauge

A
  • humans communicate in over 7,000 spoken languages
  • all languages are transmitted through social learning
  • all languages have complex grammar and syntax rules and infinite vocabulary
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Dimorphism

A

a trait that occurs in distinct forms between members of the same species (Di=two, morph= shape)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Sexual Dimorphism

A

traits the occur between different genders within a species (male vs. female)
humans have reduced sexual dimorphism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How many teeth does the modern human have?

A

32 teeth (including canines, molars, premolars, and incisors)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Human Brain

A

human brains are larger than other mammals or primates, and grows way slower than other primates.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Precocial

A

born in an advanced state and able to feed itself and move independently almost immediately.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Altricial

A

born helpless and requiring significant parental care.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Material culture

A

human societies modify and engage with physical objects, tools, and resources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Humans are sweaty apes because:

A

humans have less body hair
humans have more sweat glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Globally Distributed

A

Species encounter and adapt to diverse environments and use different sets of complex tools in each environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Phenotype

A

an organism’s observable physical trait

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Phenotypic Diversity

A

a change in phenotypes that arises from the interaction of environment and genetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Phenotype examples

A

Skin, eye, and hair color
size and physical form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Evolution

A

change in heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

evolution occurence

A

Occurs at the population level over time.
(traits can very between individuals but on populations evolve)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Evolution is Directional. T or F?

A

False!
Species change depends on their environmental context with no pre-determined direction. Evolution is NOT linear, progressive, or pre-determined.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Biocultural

A

Biological and Cultural

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Humans are Biocultural. T or F

A

True
(our biology influences our culture and vice versa)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Stabilizing Selection

A

natural selection that occurs when average traits have more reproductive success. (medium/average beak size)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Directional Selection

A

natural selection that occurs when one extreme of a trait has more reproductive success. (either a bigger or smaller beak is better)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

disruptive selection

A

natural selection when both extremes of a trait have more reproductive success. (both a larger and smaller beak are better than an average beak)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is natural selection?

A

survival of the fittest
has 4 necessary conditions (overproduction, genetic variation, struggle to survive, and differential reproduction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Overproduction

A

when a species has to many offspring then what can survive to maturity, which creates competition for limited resources.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Genetic Variation

A

there is a variation of a trait between individuals within a population and this trait has to be able to be passed down to offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Struggle to Survive

A

Conditions where the variating trait is used and becomes helpful and key to surviving in that environment and obtaining limited resources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Differential reproduction

A

Success of a differentiated trait being passed down to the next generation in a population through reproduction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Evolutionary fitness

A

Having the ability to pass down genetic traits through reproductive success to your offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Reproductive Success

A

an individuals ability to have offspring that can survive and then have their own offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Where is DNA found in the cell?

A

The Nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Where is DNA found in the eukaryotic cell?

A

Mitochondria: Mitochondrial DNA
Nucleus: Nuclear DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Are humans eukaryotes?

A

Yes!
almost all of our cells have two kinds of DNA

42
Q

Chromosomes

A

discrete structures containing nuclear DNA; has 23 pairs in humans

43
Q

Homologous Chromosomes

A

Chromosomes that carry information for the same traits; 1 from father and 1 from mother

44
Q

Diploid #

A

full complement of chromosomes; found is somatic cells

45
Q

Haploid #

A

half set of chromosomes; found in gametes

46
Q

Somatic Cell

A

the cells that make up humans bodily tissues other than the reproductive tissues (ex: heart, skin or brain); each diploid somatic cell carries two copies of your genome

47
Q

Gametic cell

A

the human bodies reproductive cells; includes sperm and eggs. Each haploid gametic cell carries one copy of your genome

48
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A

DNA molecules are made of two chains of nucleotides

49
Q

Nucleotide

A

phosphate, sugar and a base

50
Q

Base

A

adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G)
A + T and C + G

51
Q

Structure of DNA

A
  1. nucleotides link into chains to form a single strand of DNA
  2. Phosphate-sugar “backbone” provides structure for the molecule
  3. Bases (A,T,C,G) are the units of genetic information
52
Q

What’s the cause of the twisting shape in DNA?

A

the electro-chemical properties

53
Q

Gene

A

A specific segment of DNA, made up of a sequence of nucleotide base pairs

54
Q

Allele

A

a specific version or variant of a gene (ex: ice cream being a gene, different flavors would be alleles).

55
Q

Steps to DNA replication

A
  1. the double strands “unzip”
  2. nucleotides attach to the free bases
  3. original strands separate completely, each component strand then has a new complimentary strand
  4. enzymes “proofread” the new strands
56
Q

whats the error rate of DNA replication?

A

the error rate is about 1 mistake per billion base pairs (human genome has about 3 billion base pairs)

57
Q

Mitosis

A

the process of cell division for somatic cells, which then results in two identical daughter cells.
Diploid retention is retained (full component of chromosomes).

58
Q

Meiosis

A

the process of cell division for gamete production, sex cells only require half the number of chromosomes. This process results in four daughter cells.
Gametes are Haploid

59
Q

The role of gender in Meiosis

A

Only one chromosome from each parent is passed onto the offspring. For males the result of 4 daughter cells are all continued on to become sperm. But for females only one of the four continues to become an ovum.

60
Q

Variation in DNA replication

A

happens when homologous chromosomes crossover and exchange genetic information during meiosis, which creates new combinations of genetic variation to pass onto the next generation

61
Q

Mutations

A

errors that happens during the process of DNA replication. Most, but not all, are neutral (aka have no effect on physical traits).

62
Q

When can mutations be passed down to offspring?

A

Mutations can be passed down during Meiosis cell division, during the production of gametes.

63
Q

What’s the primary source of Alleles?

A

Mutation

64
Q

Polymorphic

A

A genetic site where more than one allele can occur

65
Q

Protein Synthesis

A

the process where cells create proteins, which all cells need to function. (ex: hormones, enzymes, antibodies, and structures)

66
Q

Hormones

A

A protein that acts like a messenger to the body to regulate various physiological processes and behaviors.

67
Q

Enzymes

A

A substances produced by a living organism that has the job of speeding up reactions and facilitating the process of DNA replication.

68
Q

Antibodies

A

a blood protein produced to counteract specific antigens, such as bacteria or foreign substances in your blood.

69
Q

Structures

A

protein that makes up a living organism on multiple levels such as muscles, hair, ligaments, fingernails, eyes, and organs.

70
Q

What are the two steps to protein synthesis?

A

Transcription and Translation

71
Q

Transcription

A

The first step to protein synthesis, which involves synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) from a DNA template.

72
Q

Translation

A

The second step to protein synthesis, which involves synthesis of an amino acid sequence (protein) from the mRNA template.

73
Q

Key to remembering protein synthesis

A

DNA»>RNA»>protein

74
Q

DNA versus RNA

A

DNA:
double stranded
has Thymine (T)
A=T
RNA:
Single Stranded
has Uracil (U)
A=U

75
Q

Transcription

A

synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) from a DNA template

76
Q

DNA transcription steps (takes place in the nucleus)

A
  1. DNA molecule denatures
  2. mRNA molecule is built by adding free-floating RNA molecules to the DNA strand
  3. mRNA strand then breaks away and DNA zips back up
77
Q

Gene

A

the DNA sequence that influences a trait by coding for a protein. (for transcription to occur the gene must be turned “on” or expressed)

78
Q

Splicing

A

the process in which only the exons end up in the mRNA strand

79
Q

exon

A

the coding segment found within the Gene

80
Q

introns

A

the non-coding DNA segment that is found within the Gene

81
Q

Translation

A

synthesis of amino acid sequence (protein) from the mRNA template

82
Q

What changes during DNA translation?

A

-mRNA is read by the ribosome (in triplets, called codons)
-Amino acids chained together to form proteins

83
Q

What is the two main functions of DNA?

A
  1. Replication
  2. Protein Synthesis
84
Q

What are the sources of genetic variation?

A
  1. Mutation = new alleles
  2. Recombination = new combinations of alleles
85
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

Discovered the principles of inheritance by breeding pea plants. By observing the physical traits of pea plants, he figured out the relationship between genotype and phenotype.

86
Q

Mendelian Genetics

A

most of the traits Mendel observed in the pea plants were monogenic.

87
Q

Monogenic Traits

A

controlled by a single gene
(in monogenic traits, different phenotypes can be produced depending on which two alleles an organism possesses)

88
Q

What are the two types of diploid organisms?

A

Homozygous and Heterozygous

89
Q

Homozygous

A

having the same allele at the same genetic locus (BB or bb)

90
Q

Heterozygous

A

Having two different alleles at the same genetic locus (Bb)

91
Q

Dominant Allele

A

Only one copy of the allele is needed to be expressed in the phenotype

92
Q

Recessive Allele

A

Two copies of the allele are needed to be expressed in the phenotype

93
Q

Punnett Square

A

A diagram used to visually demonstrate the allele combinations for monogenic traits in offspring from two parents.

94
Q

How many Genes does a human have?

A

Approximately 22,333

95
Q

How are monogenic traits controlled?

A

By one singular Gene

96
Q

How are polygenic traits controlled?

A

By mutliple Genes

97
Q

Pleiotropic traits

A

several traits controlled by a single gene

98
Q

Non-Coding DNA

A
  • only 2% of the human genome contains protein coding genes
  • the rest is non-coding DNA which does not produce proteins
  • a lot of non-coding DNA is involved in gene regulation
99
Q

Mechanism of evolution

A
  1. mutation
  2. gene flow
  3. genetic drift
  4. natural selection
100
Q

Mutation

A

Any alteration in the genetic material or processes.
In evolution we are primarily concerned with those mutations that affect the germline (gametes)

101
Q

Gene Flow

A

movement of genetic meterial from one population to another
can occur due to migration between populations

ANTH1001 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions