Midterm Deck

Question 1

The Nominative Case

Answer 1

The case of specific designation

Question 2

Nominative as Subject

Answer 2

The substantive in the nominative case is frequently the subject of a finite verb.
(John 3:16; Heb 11:8; Rom 6:4; Acts 1:7; Eph 5:23)

Question 3

Predicate Nominative

Answer 3

The predicate nominative (PN) is approximately the same as the subject (S) and is joined to it by an equative verb, whether stated or implied. the PN normally describes a larger category (or state) to which the S belongs.

Question 4

Rules to distinguish the PN and the S

Answer 4

1) The subject will be a pronoun, whether stated or implied in the verb.
2) The subject will be articular.
3) The subject will be a proper name.

The pronoun has the greatest priority. if a noun is a proper name and the other noun is articular, rely on word order.

Question 5

Nominative in Simple Apposition

Answer 5

An appositional construction involves (1) two adjacent substantives (2) in the same case, (3) which refer to the same person or thing, (4) and have the same syntactical relation to the rest of the clause.

The appositive functions very much like a PN in a convertible proposition—that is, it refers to the same thing as the first noun. The difference, however, is that a PN makes an assertion about the S (an equative verb is either stated or implied); with appositives there is assumption, not assertion (no verb is in mind). In the sentence “Paul is an apostle,” apostle is a PN; in the sentence, “Paul the apostle is in prison,” apostle is in apposition to Paul.

Matt 3:1, Mark 15:40, Luke 1:24, Rev 1:5

Question 6

Nominative Absolute

Answer 6

The nominative absolute (NomAbs) is the use of the nominative case in introductory material (such as titles, headings, salutations, and addresses), which are not to be construed as sentences.
The NomAbs DOES NOT OCCUR IN A SENTENCE.

Matt 1:1; Mark 1:1; Rev 1:1; Rom 1:1; 1 Cor 1:1; Rom 1:7

Question 7

Pendent Nominative

Answer 7

The logical rather than syntactical subject at the beginning of a sentence. followed by a sentence in which this subject is now replaced by a pronoun in the case required by the syntax. a helpful key to testing whether a certain nom. is pendent is the question, Can I translate the nom. at the beginning of the clause, “With reference to …”?

Rev 3:12; John 1:12; Acts 7:40

Question 8

Nominative for Vocative

Answer 8

A substantive in the nominative is used in the place of the vocative case. It is used (as is the voc.) in direct address to designate the addressee.

Question 9

The Vocative Case

Answer 9

The vocative is the case used for addressing someone or, on occasion, for uttering exclamations

Question 10

Vocative: Simple Address

Answer 10

A substantive in the vocative is used in direct address to designate the addressee

Question 11

Vocative: Apposition

Answer 11

The substantive in the vocative case can stand in apposition to another vocative. In such instances the first vocative will bear one of the above-mentioned forces (i.e., direct address or exclamation).

Mark 5:7; Acts 1:24

Question 12

Possessive Genitive

Answer 12

The substantive in the genitive possesses the thing to which it stands related. That is, in some sense the head noun is owned by the genitive noun.
Instead of the word of replace it with belonging to or possessed by. If this paraphrase fits, then the genitive is probably a genitive of possession.

     Matt 26:51      τὸν δοῦλον τοῦ ἀρχιερέως
     the slave of the high priest

John 20:28; 1 Cor 1:12

Question 13

Partitive Genitive

Answer 13

The substantive in the genitive denotes the whole of which the head noun is a part. This usage is relatively common in the NT. Instead of the word of substitute which is a part of.

     Luke 19:8      τὰ ἡμίσιά μου τῶν ὑπαρχόντων
     half of my possessions

     Rom 11:17      τινες τῶν κλάδων
     some of the branches

     Rom 15:26      τοὺς πτωχοὺς τῶν ἁγίων
     the poor of the saints

     Rev 11:13      τὸ δέκατον τῆς πόλεως
     [one] tenth of the city

Question 14

Attributive Genitive

Answer 14

The genitive substantive specifies an attribute or innate quality of the head substantive. If the noun in the genitive can be converted into an attributive adjective, modifying the noun to which the genitive stands related, then the genitive is very likely an attributive genitive.

     Luke 18:6      ὁ κριτὴς τῆς ἀδικίας
     judge of unrighteousness (= “unrighteous judge”)

     Rom 6:6      τὸ σῶμα τῆς ἁμαρτίας
     body of sin (= “sinful body”)

     Rom 8:21      τὴν ἐλευθερίαν τῆς δόξης τῶν τέκνων τοῦ θεοῦ
     the freedom of the glory of the children of God (= “the glorious freedom of the children of God”)

Question 15

Genitive in Simple Apposition

Answer 15

Simple apposition requires that both nouns be in the same case. For a genitive in simple apposition the two nouns are equivalent to a convertible proposition. Thus, “Paul the apostle” could be unpacked as “Paul is the apostle” or “the apostle is Paul.”

In simple apposition both nouns are in the same case and the appositive does not name a specific example that falls within the category named by the noun to which it is related.

     Matt 2:11      εἶδον τὸ παιδίον μετὰ Μαρίας τῆς μητρὸς αὐτοῦ
     they saw the child with Mary, his mother

     Eph 1:2      χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη ἀπὸ θεοῦ πατρὸς ἡμῶν
     grace to you and peace from God our Father

       If “of” were placed before “Father” the idea would be “from the God of our Father”! It is obviously simple apposition here.

     Col 1:18      αὐτός ἐστιν ἡ κεφαλὴ τοῦ σώματος, τῆς ἐκκλησίας
     he is the head of the body, the church

     Titus 2:13      σωτῆρος ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ
     our Savior, Jesus Christ

Question 16

Genitive of Apposition

Answer 16

in a genitive of apposition construction, the head noun: (1) will state a large category, (2) will be ambiguous, or (3) will be metaphorical in its meaning, while the genitive names a concrete or specific example that either falls within that category, clarifies its ambiguity, or brings the metaphor down to earth:
1) “the land of Egypt” (category-example)
2) “the sign of circumcision” (ambiguity-clarification)
3) “the breastplate of righteousness” (metaphor-meaning)

     Luke 22:1      ἡ ἑορτὴ τῶν ἀζύμων
     the feast of unleavened bread
     (=“the feast, namely [the festival] of unleavened bread”)

     John 2:21      ἔλεγεν περὶ τοῦ ναοῦ τοῦ σώματος αὐτοῦ
     he was speaking concerning the temple of his body (= “the 
     temple, which is his body”)

     Rom 4:11      καὶ σημεῖον ἔλαβεν περιτομῆς
     and he received [the] sign of circumcision (= “the sign, which is 
     circumcision”)

     2 Pet 2:6      πόλεις Σοδόμων καὶ Γομόρρας
     the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah

     Rev 1:3      τοὺς λόγους τῆς προφητείας
     the words of the prophecy

Question 17

Genitive of Comparison

Answer 17

The genitive substantive, almost always after a comparative adjective, is used to indicate comparison. The genitive, then, is the standard against which the comparison is made (i.e., in “X is greater than Y,” the gen. is the Y). This usage is relatively common.

     Matt 6:25      οὐχὶ ἡ ψυχὴ πλεῖόν ἐστιν τῆς τροφῆς;
     Is not your life worth more than food?

       Here the collocation of “life” with “food” has a powerful emotive effect: the response intended on the part of the hearer is something like, “Well, yes—my life is worth more than food! You mean that God knows this and wants to take care of me?”

     Matt 10:31      πολλῶν στρουθίων διαφέρετε ὑμεῖς
     you are worth more than many sparrows

       Here is an example with a verb rather than a comparative adjective. διαφέρω is perhaps the most commonly used verb with a gen. of comparison, though even it is rarely used.106

     John 14:28      ὁ πατὴρ μείζων μού ἐστιν
     the Father is greater than I [am]

       In this context, it is obvious that Jesus is speaking with reference to his office, not his person. That is, the Father has a greater rank, but the Son is no less deity than is the Father (cf. John 14:8). This is in line with one of the chief themes of the Fourth Gospel-to point out emphatically the deity of the Word.

     John 20:4      ὁ ἄλλος μαθητὴς προέδραμεν τάχιον τοῦ Πέτρου
     the other disciple ran more quickly than Peter

       This is a rare example of a gen. of comparison after a comparative adverb.

     1 Cor 1:25      τὸ μωρὸν τοῦ θεοῦ σοφώτερον τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἐστίν
     the foolishness of God is wiser than men

Question 18

Subjective Genitive

Answer 18

The genitive substantive functions semantically as the subject of the verbal idea implicit in the head noun. The noun in the Genitiveproduces the action. It functions as the subjectof the verbal idea or the noun modified. Hence, action goes from the noun.

This is common in the NT. If a subjective genitive is suspected, attempt to convert the verbal noun to which the genitive is related into a verbal form and turn the genitive into its subject.

     Matt 24:27      οὕτως ἔσται ἡ παρουσία τοῦ υἱοῦ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου
     so shall the coming of the Son of Man be (= “so shall it be when the Son of Man comes”).

     Mark 14:59      οὐδὲ οὕτως ἴση ἦν ἡ μαρτυρία αὐτῶν
     nor was their testimony thus the same (= “nor did they testify the same thing”)

     Acts 12:11      ἐξείλατό με ἐκ χειρὸς Ἡρῴδου καὶ πάσης τῆς προσδοκίας τοῦ λαοῦ τῶν Ἰουδαίων
     [the angel of the Lord] has delivered me from Herod’s hand and from all the expectation of the Jewish people (= “all that the Jewish people expected”)

Question 19

Objective Genitive

Answer 19

The genitive substantive functions semantically as the direct object of the verbal idea implicit in the head noun. The noun in the Genitivefunctions as the objectof the noun modifiedby receiving the action. This is a common function in the N.T. It may be translated “concerning”.
This is common in the NT. When an objective genitive is suspected, attempt to convert the verbal noun to which the genitive is related into a verbal form and turn the genitive into its direct object. Thus, for example, “a demonstration of his righteousness” in Rom 3:25 becomes “demonstrating his righteousness.”

  A simpler and less fool-proof method is to supply for the word of the words for, about, concerning, toward, or sometimes against.

Question 20

Genitive of Time

Answer 20

The genitive substantive indicates the kind of time, or time within which the word to which it stands related takes place. Just remember that the noun in the genitive expresses an indication of time. The of typically becomes during or at or within.

     Luke 18:12      νηστεύω δὶς τοῦ σαββάτου
     I fast twice a week

       The idea is that the Pharisee fasted twice during the week.

     John 3:2      ἦλθεν πρὸς αὐτὸν νυκτός
     he came to him during the night

Question 21

Genitive After Certain Verbs (as DO)

Answer 21

Certain verbs take a genitive substantive as direct object. The predominant uses can be grouped into four types of verbs: sensation, emotion/volition, sharing, ruling.

1) Sensation

     Mark 5:41      κρατήσας τῆς χειρὸς τοῦ παιδίου λέγει αὐτῇ, Ταλιθα 
     κουμ
     touching the hand of the little girl, he said to her, “Talitha cum”

     Mark 7:33      πτύσας ἥψατο τῆς γλώσσης αὐτοῦ
     after spitting, he touched his tongue

2) Emotion/Volition

     Luke 10:35      ἐπιμελήθητι αὐτοῦ
     take care of him

     1 Tim 3:1      εἴ τις ἐπισκοπῆς ὀρέγεται, καλοῦ ἔργου ἐπιθυμεῖ.
     If anyone aspires to the office of bishop, he desires a noble 
     work.

3) Sharing

     Heb 12:10      ὁ δὲ ἐπὶ τὸ συμφέρον εἰς τὸ μεταλαβεῖν τῆς ἁγιότητος 
     αὐτοῦ
     but he [disciplines us] for our benefit, that we might share in his 
     holiness

     Acts 9:7      οἱ δὲ ἄνδρες οἱ συνοδεύοντες αὐτῷ εἱστήκεισαν ἐνεοί, 
     ἀκούοντες μὲν τῆς φωνῆς μηδένα δὲ θεωροῦντες.
     The men who traveled with him stood speechless, hearing the 
     voice but seeing no one.

4) Ruling

     Luke 22:25      οἱ βασιλεῖς τῶν ἐθνῶν κυριεύουσιν αὐτῶν
     the kings of the Gentiles lord it over them

     Rom 15:12      ἔσται ἡ ῥίζα τοῦ Ἰεσσαί, καὶ ὁ ἀνιστάμενος ἄρχειν 
     ἐθνῶν
     The root of Jesse will come, even he who will rise to rule over the 
     Gentiles

Question 22

Genitive After Certain Prepositions

Answer 22

Certain prepositions take the genitive after them.

Question 23

Genitive Case

Answer 23

the case of qualification (or limitation as to kind) and (occasionally) separation.

Question 24

Verbal Genitive

Answer 24

Verbal Genitive (i.e. Genitive Related to a Verbal Noun)
 The subjective and objective genitives are used with head nouns that
involve a verbal idea. That is, the head noun has a verb as a cognate. The
verbal genitive construction, then, is a sentence embed involving,
typically, a transitive verbal idea in the head noun.

Question 25

Ablatival Genitive

Answer 25

The ablative genitive basically involves the notion of separation. i.e. Genitive of Comparison

Question 26

Adjectival Genitive

Answer 26

This broad category really touches the heart of the genitive. If the genitive
is primarily descriptive, then it is largely similar to the adjective in
functions. However, although the genitive is primarily adjectival in force,
it is more emphatic than a simple adjective would be.

Question 27

Parenthetic Nominative

Answer 27

A parenthetic nominative is the subject of an explanatory clause within another clause.