Midterm Cramming Flashcards
Emancipation Proclamation
Lincoln issued it on Jan 1, 1863. 3rd year of the civil war. Declared: “That all persons held as slaves within the rebellious states are, and henceforward shall be free”.
Battle of Gettysburg
July 1-3, 1863. In and around the town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. Major General George Meade’s Army defeated the Confederate army lead by General Robert E. Lee. Stopping his invasion of the north.
Siege of Vicksburg
May 18 - Jul 4, 1863. After 47 day siege the Union won this battle. This allowed them to control the Mississippi river and cleave the South in two.
William Tecumseh Sherman
Served as General in the Union Army. Was infamous for harsh battle strategies and was instrumental in the capture of the City Atlanta, which was very important for the re-election of President Lioncoln.
March to the Sea
Through Georgia from Nov 15 to Dec 21 of 1864. Lead by William Sherman after the capture of Atlanta. It ended in the capture of the port of Savannah.
Appomattox Courthouse
General Lee surrendered to General Grant on April 9, 1865 at Appomattox Courthouse.
Black Dispatches
Slaves that were used essentially as spies. They knew the terrain and could move about relatively unnoticed.
Fredrick Douglas
American social reformer, abolitionist, orator, writer, and statesman
Pinkerton’s Operatives
General McClellan established the first Union intelligence organization. Allan Pinkerton lead it.
Harriet Tubman
American abolitionist and social activist. Born into slavery. Made ~13 missions to rescue 70 slaves using the underground railroad.
Louisiana Native Guard
One of the first Union all black regiments. Active 1862-1864.
African American Soldiers
By the end of the civil war ~179,000 black men served as soldiers in the Army, more in the navy. While they were welcome they were still subjected to discrimination and segregation.
Nursing
During the war there was a shortage of medical personnel, many women felt the need to step up, and did. A male dominated field became saturated with women overnight.
Women as Soldiers
Numerous women enlisted and fought as men. Estimates range from 500 to 1000 soldiers believed to be women.
13 Amendment
Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.
Jefferson Davis
Served as President of the Confederacy after being a senator for Mississippi before the civil war (democratic party)
Charles Sumner
U.S. senator and powerful orator from Massachusetts. Leader of anti-slavery forces in the state and a leader of the Radical Republicans in the U.S. during the civil war.
Tammany Hall
New York City political machine founded in 1786. Main political machine of the democrats. It had major control of New York and was lead by William Marcy Tweed.
Boss Tweed
-Head of Tammany Hall Political machine (1860s-70s)
-Used bribery and other unethical tactics to exploit New York City of over $200 million
Thomas Nast
-Cartoonist at the New York Times
-Exposed Boss Tweed’s misuse of public funds to the illiterate public
-Turned down a bribe to stop (Was asked to “study art in Paris”)
-Criticized the Catholic church and European immigrants facing less discrimination that POC immigrants
Queen Liliuokalani
-Sister of the King of Hawaii (Died; Therefore she became queen)
-Brother was strongarmed by white business leaders to amend the constitution making only wealthy landowners able to vote
-She proposed her “Hawaii for Hawaiians” agenda to fix this
-Business groups and Ambassador John L. Stevens overthrew her rule
William McKinley
-25th President of the United States of America (after Cleveland)
-Opposite to Cleveland, he was in favor for the annexation of Hawaii (with or without the support of Hawaiians)
Alfred Mahan
-Naval officer and historian
-Wrote the book “The Influence of Sea Power upon History” to argue for a large and powerful navy, needing the acquisition of the Caribbean Islands (Coaling & Naval stations + defense points)
Cornelius Vanderbilt
“The Commodore”. American business magnate who built his wealth in railroads and shipping. One of the richest Americans of the time and transformed America with railroads and unethical labor (jk… but not really)
John Rockefeller
American business magnate and philanthropist. Considered the wealthiest American of all time and the richest person in modern history. Founded the Standard Oil Company in 1870. It had outstanding growth and control over the industry.
Herbert Spencer
-A philosopher who fathered the Social Darwinism theory
-Encouraged nativism and racism
Andrew Carnegie
-Founded the Carnegie Steel Corporation
-Wrote “The Gospel of Wealth”
-Gave the anti-imperialist message that America is so rich; why would we need to imperialize the way Britain needs to?
China
Was struggling during the gilded age. Was the subject of the open door policy (no monopolies over china).
Cuba
-The explosion of a civilian ship that started the Spanish war was in Cuba
-Platt Amendment: A treaty that was offered as U.S.’s protection over Cuba against foreign intervention, was really just a way for America to politically and economically possess/exploit Cuba
-After the Treaty of Paris, Spain freed Cuba (along with Guam and Puerto Rico) and sold the Philippines to the U.S. for $20 million.
Alaska
-William Seward Arranged for the U.S. to buy Alaska from Russia for 7.2 million dollars
-Alaska ended up being super rich in raw material but didn’t become a state until 1959
The Philippines
-President Cleveland wanted to “civilize” them with the Philippine-American War
-America supported Cuba and The Philippines’s independence against the Spanish rule
-After the Treaty of Paris, Spain freed Cuba (along with Guam and Puerto Rico) and sold the Philippines to the U.S. for $20 million.
Mexico
many people from Mexico immigrated to Ameria during the gilded age
Puerto Rico
After the Treaty of Paris, Spain freed Cuba (along with Guam and Puerto Rico) and sold the Philippines to the U.S. for $20 million.
Pearl Harbor
Built in 1908 in Oahu, one of the U.S.A.’s territories at the time. Later bombed in WWII
Chinese Exclusion Act
-An act in 1892 excluding Chinese people from entering the United States
-Occurred for 10 years
Open Door Policy
-An agreement that no one imperialist nation would create a monopoly of China
-America, France, Germany, Britain, Japan, and Russia had to share
-The Second rendition of the policy stated that the U.S. would be in charge of “the principle of equal and impartial trade with all parts of the Chinese Empire.”
-The beginning of America’s economic possessiveness over Asia
Sugar Tariffs
-Tariffs placed under the McKinley Act on imported sugar from Hawaii
-Weakened the bond between American investors and Hawaiian farmers
Banana Republics
-a politically unstable country with an economy dependent upon the export of natural resources
-E.g. Cuba for a while
Boxer Rebellion
-aka Boxer uprising.
-was an anti-foreign, anti-colonial, and anti-Christian uprising in China between 1899 and 1901, towards the end of the Qing dynasty
-Were called the “Boxers” because at the time Chinese martial arts were called Chinese Boxing
Spanish American War
-America supported Cuba and The Philippines’s independence against the Spanish rule
-The USS Maine exploded and the blame was put on the Spanish
-After the Treaty of Paris, Spain freed Cuba (along with Guam and Puerto Rico) and sold the Philippines to the U.S. for $20 million.
Railway Strike of 1877
-Stared on July 14, 1877
-Martinsburg, West Virinia
-In response to the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad cutting wages of workers for the third time in a year.
-Striking Workers would not allow any of the trains, mainly freight trains, to roll until this third wage cut was revoked.
-The National Guard was called to handle the situation but refused to fire on the workers
White Man’s Burden
The belief that because Europeans are “civilized” it is their obligation to “civilize” Africa
Social Darwinism
-A misuse of Charles Darwin’s scientific observations about species (Darwin himself opposed this philosophy)
-Belief that the powerful in society are superior than the weak, proven by their success
