Midterm Cramming Flashcards
1
Q
Emancipation Proclamation
A
Lincoln issued it on Jan 1, 1863. 3rd year of the civil war. Declared: “That all persons held as slaves within the rebellious states are, and henceforward shall be free”.
2
Q
Battle of Gettysburg
A
July 1-3, 1863. In and around the town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. Major General George Meade’s Army defeated the Confederate army lead by General Robert E. Lee. Stopping his invasion of the north.
3
Q
Siege of Vicksburg
A
May 18 - Jul 4, 1863. After 47 day siege the Union won this battle. This allowed them to control the Mississippi river and cleave the South in two.
4
Q
William Tecumseh Sherman
A
Served as General in the Union Army. Was infamous for harsh battle strategies and was instrumental in the capture of the City Atlanta, which was very important for the re-election of President Lioncoln.
5
Q
March to the Sea
A
Through Georgia from Nov 15 to Dec 21 of 1864. Lead by William Sherman after the capture of Atlanta. It ended in the capture of the port of Savannah.
6
Q
Appomattox Courthouse
A
General Lee surrendered to General Grant on April 9, 1865 at Appomattox Courthouse.
7
Q
Black Dispatches
A
Slaves that were used essentially as spies. They knew the terrain and could move about relatively unnoticed.
8
Q
Fredrick Douglas
A
American social reformer, abolitionist, orator, writer, and statesman
9
Q
Pinkerton’s Operatives
A
General McClellan established the first Union intelligence organization. Allan Pinkerton lead it.
10
Q
Harriet Tubman
A
American abolitionist and social activist. Born into slavery. Made ~13 missions to rescue 70 slaves using the underground railroad.
11
Q
Louisiana Native Guard
A
One of the first Union all black regiments. Active 1862-1864.
12
Q
African American Soldiers
A
By the end of the civil war ~179,000 black men served as soldiers in the Army, more in the navy. While they were welcome they were still subjected to discrimination and segregation.
13
Q
Nursing
A
During the war there was a shortage of medical personnel, many women felt the need to step up, and did. A male dominated field became saturated with women overnight.
14
Q
Women as Soldiers
A
Numerous women enlisted and fought as men. Estimates range from 500 to 1000 soldiers believed to be women.
15
Q
13 Amendment
A
Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.
16
Q
Jefferson Davis
A
Served as President of the Confederacy after being a senator for Mississippi before the civil war (democratic party)
17
Q
Charles Sumner
A
U.S. senator and powerful orator from Massachusetts. Leader of anti-slavery forces in the state and a leader of the Radical Republicans in the U.S. during the civil war.
18
Q
Tammany Hall
A
New York City political machine founded in 1786. Main political machine of the democrats. It had major control of New York and was lead by William Marcy Tweed.
19
Q
Boss Tweed
A
-Head of Tammany Hall Political machine (1860s-70s)
-Used bribery and other unethical tactics to exploit New York City of over $200 million
20
Q
Thomas Nast
A
-Cartoonist at the New York Times
-Exposed Boss Tweed’s misuse of public funds to the illiterate public
-Turned down a bribe to stop (Was asked to “study art in Paris”)
-Criticized the Catholic church and European immigrants facing less discrimination that POC immigrants
21
Q
Queen Liliuokalani
A
-Sister of the King of Hawaii (Died; Therefore she became queen)
-Brother was strongarmed by white business leaders to amend the constitution making only wealthy landowners able to vote
-She proposed her “Hawaii for Hawaiians” agenda to fix this
-Business groups and Ambassador John L. Stevens overthrew her rule
22
Q
William McKinley
A
-25th President of the United States of America (after Cleveland)
-Opposite to Cleveland, he was in favor for the annexation of Hawaii (with or without the support of Hawaiians)
23
Q
Alfred Mahan
A
-Naval officer and historian
-Wrote the book “The Influence of Sea Power upon History” to argue for a large and powerful navy, needing the acquisition of the Caribbean Islands (Coaling & Naval stations + defense points)
24
Q
Cornelius Vanderbilt
A
“The Commodore”. American business magnate who built his wealth in railroads and shipping. One of the richest Americans of the time and transformed America with railroads and unethical labor (jk… but not really)
25
John Rockefeller
American business magnate and philanthropist. Considered the wealthiest American of all time and the richest person in modern history. Founded the Standard Oil Company in 1870. It had outstanding growth and control over the industry.
26
Herbert Spencer
-A philosopher who fathered the Social Darwinism theory
-Encouraged nativism and racism
27
Andrew Carnegie
-Founded the Carnegie Steel Corporation
-Wrote “The Gospel of Wealth”
-Gave the anti-imperialist message that America is so rich; why would we need to imperialize the way Britain needs to?
28
China
Was struggling during the gilded age. Was the subject of the open door policy (no monopolies over china).
29
Cuba
-The explosion of a civilian ship that started the Spanish war was in Cuba
-Platt Amendment: A treaty that was offered as U.S.’s protection over Cuba against foreign intervention, was really just a way for America to politically and economically possess/exploit Cuba
-After the Treaty of Paris, Spain freed Cuba (along with Guam and Puerto Rico) and sold the Philippines to the U.S. for $20 million.
30
Alaska
-William Seward Arranged for the U.S. to buy Alaska from Russia for 7.2 million dollars
-Alaska ended up being super rich in raw material but didn’t become a state until 1959
31
The Philippines
-President Cleveland wanted to "civilize" them with the Philippine-American War
-America supported Cuba and The Philippines’s independence against the Spanish rule
-After the Treaty of Paris, Spain freed Cuba (along with Guam and Puerto Rico) and sold the Philippines to the U.S. for $20 million.
32
Mexico
many people from Mexico immigrated to Ameria during the gilded age
33
Puerto Rico
After the Treaty of Paris, Spain freed Cuba (along with Guam and Puerto Rico) and sold the Philippines to the U.S. for $20 million.
34
Pearl Harbor
Built in 1908 in Oahu, one of the U.S.A.'s territories at the time. Later bombed in WWII
35
Chinese Exclusion Act
-An act in 1892 excluding Chinese people from entering the United States
-Occurred for 10 years
36
Open Door Policy
-An agreement that no one imperialist nation would create a monopoly of China
-America, France, Germany, Britain, Japan, and Russia had to share
-The Second rendition of the policy stated that the U.S. would be in charge of “the principle of equal and impartial trade with all parts of the Chinese Empire.”
-The beginning of America’s economic possessiveness over Asia
37
Sugar Tariffs
-Tariffs placed under the McKinley Act on imported sugar from Hawaii
-Weakened the bond between American investors and Hawaiian farmers
38
Banana Republics
-a politically unstable country with an economy dependent upon the export of natural resources
-E.g. Cuba for a while
39
Boxer Rebellion
-aka Boxer uprising.
-was an anti-foreign, anti-colonial, and anti-Christian uprising in China between 1899 and 1901, towards the end of the Qing dynasty
-Were called the "Boxers" because at the time Chinese martial arts were called Chinese Boxing
40
Spanish American War
-America supported Cuba and The Philippines’s independence against the Spanish rule
-The USS Maine exploded and the blame was put on the Spanish
-After the Treaty of Paris, Spain freed Cuba (along with Guam and Puerto Rico) and sold the Philippines to the U.S. for $20 million.
41
Railway Strike of 1877
-Stared on July 14, 1877
-Martinsburg, West Virinia
-In response to the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad cutting wages of workers for the third time in a year.
-Striking Workers would not allow any of the trains, mainly freight trains, to roll until this third wage cut was revoked.
-The National Guard was called to handle the situation but refused to fire on the workers
42
White Man's Burden
The belief that because Europeans are “civilized” it is their obligation to “civilize” Africa
43
Social Darwinism
-A misuse of Charles Darwin’s scientific observations about species (Darwin himself opposed this philosophy)
-Belief that the powerful in society are superior than the weak, proven by their success
44
Eugenics
-A practice and study of sterilizing targeted groups to “improve” future generations and their intelligence
-Heavily involved with the beliefs of nativism and Social Darwinism
45
Yellow Journalism
-A style of sensationalized journalism that encouraged intense emotional responses, fostering a desired political climate
-Political cartoons brought yellow journalism to the illiterate
46
Economic Colonisation
The exploitation of natural resources from other countries for the benefit of your own economy
47
Nativism
-An anti-immigration belief that mental capacity is a biological trait, in which the white race is superior in
-“Immigrants will only bring crime and immorality into our nation” (to summarize Madison Grant’s “The Passing of the Great Race”)
48
New Immigrant Groups
Europeans
- Many were Jews, escaping to America to avoid anti-Semitism
- Jobs allegedly more plentiful in America
Chinese
- Many came during the Gold Rush
- Many worked on railroads, then branched out to other jobs such as farming and domestic service
Japanese
- Annexation of Hawaii led to Japanese immigration
- Most lived on the West Coast as farm workers
The West Indies
- Jobs were scarce
Mexicans
- Jobs were scarce and were escaping political turmoil
49
Standard Oil Company
-1870 to 1911
-American oil production, transport, refining, and marketing company
-Co-founder is John D. Rockefeller
50
Kickbacks
A bribe is negotiated in exchange for (usually illegal) services to commence.
- Political machines exploited this practice
51
Gospel of Wealth
-A pair of articles published by Andrew Carnegie arguing that economic disproportion is necessary to indicate who is “lazy” and who is “hardworking”
-A big pile of Social Darwinism for ya
-However, it did advocate for better community services for unwealthy people (donating wealth to make museums, libraries, schools etc.)
52
Characteristics of a:
- Robber Baron
- Captains of the Industry
ROBBER BARON:
- Criticized for their wealth and unethical business practices
- Paid low wages
- Killed diversity in the market
CAPTAINS OF THE INDUSTRY:
- Used their wealth to progress society
- Provided new and more jobs
- Inventive and business geniuses
53
Political Machines
Political movements where votes for government officials were dictated and manipulated by city “bosses” who sponsored political agendas
54
Who was Franz Ferdinand and what was his significance?
-Heir to the Austrian Empire
-Thought Serbs were “pigs” and “scoundrels”
-He and his wife were publicly assassinated on June 28, 1914
-Many mark it as the start towards war
55
Why was Franz Ferdinand (and his wife) assassinated?
-Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia-Herzegovina against the wishes of Serbia
-Ferdinand hated Serb people
-The Young Bosnians plotted to revolt while he visited Bosnia to attend military exercises
56
What is the Schlieffen Plan?
Germany’s plan in case WWI commenced. PLAN:
-Russia announces mobilization
-Germany attacks unprepared France
-Then turn around and attack Russia (because Russia takes a long ass time to get ready, they wouldn’t be ready by the time they finish their attack on France)
-Britain must stay neutral!
REALITY:
-France mobilizes meaning Germany can’t waste time fighting them
-Britain tells Germany not to attack Belgium
…Germany attacks Belgium
-Britain declares war on Germany
57
What are German U-Boats?
Intimidating submarines that could sink many battleships and slip away unnoticed
-Nervous Americans were more avid to side with the British, as Britain had the largest navy in the world
58
What happened to the Lusitania?
-Germans thought they warned America enough about oversea travel
-Americans didn’t care about Britain v. Germany in the high seas, as long as their trade wasn’t interrupted
-Wilson refused to ban travel via combattant countries’ ships
-Lusitania, a British ship, boarded Americans
-Germans blew it up thinking it was loaded with munitions … which it was
59
What is the Zimmerman telegram and why was it significant?
An encoded letter from the German embassy to Mexico to ally against the United States if the U.S. refuses to remain neutral
-The letter was intercepted by Britain
-It was the final straw for Wilson to declare war
60
What was the treaty of Brest-Litovsk?
A treaty that allowed Russia to withdraw from the war (the Russian Revolution took a toll on the Bolsheviks) as long as they turned over territories like…
Finland, the Baltic provinces (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuanian, parts of Poland, Ukraine, and Belarus
To the Central Powers
(Most of the territories went back to Bolshevik control later on when Germany surrendered to the Western allies)
61
Who made up the Central Powers and Allied Powers?
Central Powers:
German Empire
Austria-Hungary
Ottoman Empire
Kingdom of Bulgaria
Allied Powers:
Britain
France (Expect 1940-44 German occupation)
Soviet Union (after June 1914)
United States
Japan
62
What was the Treaty of Versailles?
Leaders from around the world met in Versailles, France to negotiate peace. European leaders opposed Wilson’s “peace for all” viewpoint and wanted to punish Germany. Germany thought the conditions of the treaty were too harsh (contradictory to the even harsher treaty of Brest-Litovsk).
-The League of Nations was established
63
What is Armistice Day?
On November 11, 1918, Germany and the Allies signed an armistice (an agreement to stop fighting).
64
What were Wilson’s Fourteen points?
Wilson’s treaty to prevent future wars. In summary:
-Form the “League of Nations” that would help protect peace by providing a forum for resolving international disputes (a little like NATO)
-Abolition of secret treaties
-Freedom of seas
-Preservation of established territories
And so on…essentially how we can approach future conflict peacefully and what practices can we prohibit can potentially cause wars (using WWI as evidence)
65
What did the League of Nations provide?
-Executive Council: Create a court to manage disputes between nations
-Reduced military for each country to only what is necessary for self defense
-Special Commissions dedicated to helping problems like slavery and drug addiction
66
What was Article X?
An article in the League of Nations many American senators disagreed with
It said members of the league had to respect the territorial integrity of member states
Wilson didn’t compromise to make any changes to the treaty. After falling ill for the rest of his presidency, he couldn’t convince the Senate to keep it as it is.
The Senate rejected the treaty three times, the Treaty of Versailles was never approved in the U.S., and The United States never joined the League of Nations (despite it being Wilson’s idea!)
67
What is the Mandate system?
The League of Nations took in new states (divided up pieces of German and Turkish colonies) after WWI and guided them as “supervisor states”
68
What happened to the Ottoman Empire during WWI?
-Allied powers began dividing up the Ottoman Empire as soon as the war started
-Britain made promises for territory is local groups joined Britain against the Ottomans (which overlapped and got messy)
-Post-war, the League of Nations put pressure on Britain to live up to its promises
-France and Britain divided their mandates along ethnic and religious lines (Mandate System)
69
Describe the Russo-Japanese War
-Russia was struggling with economic expansion in China
- Japan offered to recognize Manchuria and a Russia-dominated land in exchange for Korea
- The offer did not go through causing the war
- Theodore Roosevelt interfered, ending the war in 1905
- Japan was left victorious and Russia was left politically weak
70
Describe the Russian Revolution of 1905
-Russian losses in the war triggered a revolution by the workforce, as their wages stagnated but factory productivity increased.
-On January 9, 1905, a priest led a group of unarmed civilians to protest to the Tsar for change.
-Soldiers opened fire, killing hundreds (known as Bloody Sunday)
71
What was the Entente Cordiale
A peace treaty between France and Britain that prevented hostilities during the Russo-Japanese war between them, and for another thousand years
- Russia joined in 1907, making it the Triple Entente
72
Describe the Balkan Wars
Balkans formed a league and declared war on the Ottoman Empire in the Fall of 1912 after the Young Turk Revolution. They drove the Ottomans out of their remaining European territories.
73
What was the Black Hand?
A terrorist group that had close ties with the Serbian army and provided weapons to the Young Bosnians to assassinate Franz Ferdinand.
74
Who was Kaiser Wilhelm?
The emperor of Germany during 1888-1918
75
What was the War Guilt Clause?
A clause in the Treaty of Versailles that forced Germany and other Central Powers to take the blame for WWI. Germany thought the financial and military compensations were unfair.
76
Describe the trench warfare during WWI
After the allies launch a counterattack on Germany, the Germans dig trenches, which the allies do as well.
-In between the two trench lines was “no man’s land”
-One side would fire for days
-The other side enters the no man land
-The first side fires machine guns
Waves like this would continue until either the waves succeed and they overrun the opposing sides trenches, or they give up
-Trenches gave harsh conditions such as bad smell, corpses, a lot of fatality, disease and psychological damage
77
Describe the poison gasses used during WWI
-The French fired tear gas against the Germans (and the Germans were like “hmmmm interesting, let's study chemical warfare even though it was against the established rules of war”)
-Germans attacked allied trenches with chlorine gas
-Britain launched chlorine gas back now comfortable by the idea that “Germany started it” so they can’t get in trouble
Gasses used: Tear gas (not deadly, thought to be allowed), chlorine (heavy irritant to eyes and lungs, not completely deadly), Phosgene (deadlier, but took longer to kick in), Mustard gas (Not as deadly but SUPER painful and gas masks didn’t help. It was heavy and wouldn’t go away)
78
Who was Abraham Lincoln and what was his viewpoint on Reconstruction?
-16th President of the United States
-Preferred the term “Restoration” as he wanted to think of it as a time to re-establish the authority of the Constitution
-He wanted the formal rebels to rejoin the Union quickly and without hard feelings
79
What was the Ten Percent Plan?
10% of the 1860 vote count in a former rebellion state had to pledge allegiance to the United States in order to form a new Union government
80
What were Radical Republicans' views on Reconstruction?
-Lincoln’s plans were not harsh enough towards the South
-South was guilty for starting the war and should be punished
-They wanted to restore all rightful land and liberties to former slaves
81
What was the Wade-Davis Bill?
-Like the Ten Percent Plan, except made it more difficult to be readmitted to the Union
-Passed bill by Radical Republicans
-Majority of former rebellion states, not 10%, had to pledge loyalty to the Union.
-The bill never went into effect since the Congress wasn’t meeting and Lincoln didn’t sign off on it
82
What was the Freedmen’s Bureau?
-A Bureau responsible for managing matters around refugees and newly freedman
-Provided food rations, education, supervised abandoned/confiscated property, operated refugee camps and hospitals, legalized marriages done during slavery, etc.
-Helped refugees and former slaves to be self sufficient post-war
83
What was the Presidential Reconstruction Plan?
-Plans made by Andrew Johnson when he took office, following Lincoln’s assassination
He believed that…
-Secession was illegal, so the rebellious states never actually left the Union.
-The relationship with those states, white supremacy and all, should remain like nothing happened, minus the slavery part
-White slave owners should get their land back as long as they pledge loyalty to the Union
84
Who is Andrew Johnson?
-17th President of the United States
-Took office after Lincoln’s assassination
-Drastically changed Lincoln’s idea of reconstruction, and faced much criticizing by Radical Republicans
85
What does 40 Acres and a Mule refer to?
William Sherman’s field order, giving 400,000 acres of land across coasts of South Carolina, Georgia, and Floria to be divided into 40-acre plots
-Plots were provided to freedpeople
86
What are Black Codes?
Laws that required all black people (formally free or enslaved) to sign annual labor contracts with white employers
-Fail to fulfill the terms of the contract? You get fined or imprisoned
-If they would not pay the fine, sheriffs could auction them off to white citizens willing to pay the fines…sound familiar?
87
What is sharecropping?
Landlords provided black people the use of land in exchange for a share of the crops produced.
-Sharecropping contracts often led black people stuck in debt to the land owner, thus forced to work to repay impossible debt *cough* *cough* sounds familiar again?
88
What is the Civil Rights Bill?
Passed under Presidential Reconstruction
-Declared all persons born in the U.S are national citizens (except indigenous tribes)
-Declared all citizens are equal before the law (removed black codes
-Declared all citizens the rights of free labor (rights to make contracts, bring lawsuits, and have protection on their person and property)
89
Summarize the 14th Amendment
All people born in the United States are citizens. No state can make a law that abridges the privileges of any citizen, nor can they deny any privileges.
90
What was the New Orleans Massacre?
In July of 1866, local white people attacked about 200 black people who were marching in support for black voting rights
-34 black people were killed
-More than 100 were injured
-This was a month after the 14th amendment was passed
91
Reconstruction Act (1867)
-Outlines the terms for the readmission and representation of rebel states
-It divided former Confederate states (except for Tennessee) into five military districts each governed by a general
92
Military Reconstruction
Plan to reintegrate the former-Confederate states back into the Union
93
15th Amendment
-Amendment that granted African American men the right to vote
-“The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude”
94
Union Leagues
A secret organization formed in the North in 1863 to bolster northern morale and support the policies of President Abraham Lincoln.
95
South Carolina coups
Coups led by white supremacists
96
Compromise of 1877
An informal, unwritten deal that settled the disputed 1876 U.S. Presidential election; through it Republican Rutherford B. Hayes was awarded the White House on the understanding that he would remove the federal troops from South Carolina, Florida and Louisiana.
97
Ku Klux Klan
-American white supremacist, right wing terrorist, and hate group
-Employed terror in pursuit of their white supremacist agenda
98
Johnson’s Impeachment
-Initiated on February 24, 1868
-President Johnson was impeached because he fired an official who was protected under the Tenure of office Act and because the house felt he had brought the office of president into disgrace
-Impeached him for “high crimes and misdemeanors”
99
Tenure of Office Act
-The Tenure of Office Act was a United States federal law, in force from 1867 to 1887, that was intended to restrict the power of the president to remove certain office-holders without the approval of the U.S. Senate.
-The law was enacted March 2, 1867, over the veto of President Andrew Johnson.
100
Enforcement Acts
Criminal codes that protected African Americans' right to vote, to hold office, to serve on juries, and receive equal protection of laws
There were 3 acts passed between 1870 and 1871
101
Ku Klux Klan Act
-An Act of the United States Congress which empowered the President to suspend the writ of habeas corpus to combat the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) and other terrorist organizations
-Signed into law by Ulysses S. Grant on April 20, 1871
-Third enforcement act
102
Redemption
-The overthrow or defeat of Radical Republicans (white and Black) by white Democrats, marking the end of the Reconstruction era in the South.
-By 1873, many white Southerners were calling for “Redemption” – the return of white supremacy and the removal of rights for blacks – instead of Reconstruction.
103
White Line
-A paramilitary arm of the Democratic Party, instigated much of the violence
-Two of the most brazen White Line attacks occurred in Louisiana in 1873 and 1874. The murder of some 150 freedmen in Colfax, Louisiana, in April 1873 constituted perhaps the greatest loss of life from any racial incident in American history.
104
Red Shirts
-The success of the White Line in Mississippi in 1875 inspired another Democratic paramilitary group to use violence during political campaigns the following year.
-This group, the Red Shirts, was mostly associated with South Carolina, but they were also active in North Carolina.
105
Coushatta Massacre
-In August 1874, Thomas Floyd, an African American Union army veteran, was serving in the Louisiana State Senate as a Republican. On the night of August 25, he was murdered in Brownsville.
-When tensions arose, members of the White League arrested several White Republicans and twenty freedmen, accusing them of plotting a "negro rebellion".
-Within two days, hundreds of armed Whites arrived in Coushatta.
-After holding them hostage for several days, the captors forced the officeholders to sign a statement saying they would immediately leave Louisiana.
-While traveling out of the region, six White captives were murdered by a band of armed whites.
-Elsewhere in Coushatta and nearby, Whites attacked numerous African Americans, resulting in at least four deaths. Levin Allen had his arms and legs broken before being burned alive. Louis Johnson and Paul Williams, two of the freedmen arrested by the White League, were hanged by Dick Coleman and his mob.
-Although twenty-five men were arrested for the massacre, because of lack of evidence, none were brought to trial.
106
Hamburg Massacre
-On July 4, 1876
-The Red Shirts disrupted Republican political rallies and massacred black state militia members
107
Ulysses S Grant
-Ulysses S. Grant led the Union Armies to victory over the Confederacy in the American Civil War.
-Grant was later elected the 18th President of the United States (1869–1877), working to implement Congressional Reconstruction and to remove the vestiges of slavery.
108
Rutherford B Hayes
Rutherford B. Hayes oversaw the end of Reconstruction, began the efforts that led to civil service reform, and attempted to reconcile the divisions left over from the Civil War.
