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MRAT 6120 - Sound for Visual Media > Midterm Concepts > Flashcards

Midterm Concepts Flashcards

1
Q

AAF

A

stands for advanced authoring format; interchange format used to translate files between different digital audio/video software programs; cross-compliant

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2
Q

Acts

A

different sections of a show or movie, coinciding with commercial breaks on TV

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3
Q

B-roll

A

supplementary visual information used as a filler between shots for smoother edits; for documentaries, usually includes what the subject is speaking about

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4
Q

BWF

A

broadcast wave format; type of WAV (uncompressed) file that includes metadata

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5
Q

EDL

A

edit decision list; list of edits, such as timing info and source info, that indicates the take used in a cut, the source used in a final project, and where a piece goes in a final show

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6
Q

Embedded

A

a certain feature or capability inserted into a file; for example, timecode is embedded into BWF

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7
Q

FFOA

A

first frame of action; the beginning of a video project, the first frame where video is running

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8
Q

LFOA

A

last frame of action; the end of a video project, the last frame where video is running

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9
Q

Where does one find where files are located in Pro Tools?

A

in the clip list, click on the top right dropdown; show-> full path, and you will see the exact file location of the clip

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10
Q

Where does one change where new audio files are created in Pro Tools?

A

setup-> disk allocation, check custom allocation options, and change the root media folder

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11
Q

Handles

A

extra time at the beginning and end of audio clips imported as part of an AAF or OMF file, usually a few seconds long, for the user to drag out and use for easier editing

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12
Q

Lossless encoding

A

file compression that does not harm any information from the original file

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13
Q

Lossy encoding

A

file compression that loses information during encoding, causing degradation of the original file

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14
Q

M&E

A

music and FX; two of the stems included in VoDME

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15
Q

Metadata

A

data about data; data included in a file that gives additional information about the file

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16
Q

Nudge value

A

determines the amount of a certain parameter (time, bars, beats, frames, etc.) to move a clip in the timeline; press + and - keys to nudge

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17
Q

Offline (video in Pro Tools)

A

video will not be output from Pro Tools in this setting; saves CPU; deselect the O button on a video track in Pro Tools to turn offline

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18
Q

Offline (media in Pro Tools)

A

media that is missing from the session’s associated Pro Tools session folder; tracks/clips will appear gray in the edit window

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19
Q

OMFI

A

open media framework interchange; interchange format similar to AAF

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20
Q

Online (video in Pro Tools)

A

video will be output from Pro Tools in this setting; select the O button on a video track in Pro Tools

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21
Q

Room tone

A

the acoustic characteristics of a room; usually recorded at the beginning of a shoot by the sound recordist so that the editor can patch in the room tone sound when editing to sound smoother

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22
Q

Scripted program

A

productions that contain a script

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23
Q

How is a story broken up in scripted programs?

A

scenes

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24
Q

How are scenes broken up in scripted programs?

A

shots

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25
Q

What is each record of a scene called?

A

take

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26
Q

unscripted program

A

productions that do not contain a script

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27
Q

When does the story come together in an unscripted program?

A

post-production

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28
Q

production audio

A

all the sound recorded during the production of a program (dialogue, on-set sound effects, musical performances)

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29
Q

production sound mixer

A

also called location sound mixer; must record any item that is tied to a visual element, plus additional information that will be helpful for editing (room tone, etc.)

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30
Q

boom operator

A

person responsible for handling the shotgun mic; must be conscious of script so correct actor’s voice is picked up and keep mic out of shot

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31
Q

utility

A

sound assistant; multi-use person who handles cabling duties as well as acting as second boom op or mixer if needed

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32
Q

Pro Tools playback

A

feeds the in-ear monitors of actors in musical productions so they can sing or play along

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33
Q

production assistant

A

also called PA; “everything” assistant; duties based on what is needed; if they can follow instructions, they will be asked back and considered for advanced productions

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34
Q

post-production

A

includes portions that do not take place on location/set; where the assembly of items recorded during production takes place

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35
Q

What types of duties are involved with post-production?

A

picture editing to align with script or assemble storyline, visual effects, sound editing, sound design, sound mixing

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36
Q

ADR

A

automatic dialogue replacement; lines recorded after a scene was shot that are meant to replace some specific lines that were recorded on set; also called loop lines/looping

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37
Q

ADR mixer

A

responsible for recording and accurate representation of ADR

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38
Q

sound editor

A

all-encompassing term for editors who address different audio aspects, including Foley, ADR, dialogue, sound effects, and music

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39
Q

What is the difference between copying files from source media and consolidating files from source media on import?

A

copying from source media imports the entire audio file, whereas consolidating from source media imports the edits plus handles to pad the front and back of edits

40
Q

positional reference

A

where is something’s position relative to something else

41
Q

SMPTE

A

Society of Motion Picture and Television Editors

42
Q

SMPTE timecode

A

provides a positional reference/time stamp; displayed in hours:minutes:seconds:frames

43
Q

dialogue editor

A

responsible for lip synchronization; given an EDL by picture editor indicating which take was used for each scene and its location within the final picture edit; edits all of select/choice takes together and makes transitions between takes as smooth and natural as possible

44
Q

What must a dialogue editor have ready at the discretion of the director?

A

alternate takes

45
Q

sound effects editor

A

reviews the project with the director and decides what sound effects will be appropriate for the project; reconstructs and further enhances all non-musical and non-dialogue elements of the project

46
Q

sound designer

A

comes up with ideas and sounds

47
Q

Foley

A

subset of FX; used to enhance/replace synchronous or live effects, performed by a Foley artist

48
Q

Foley artist

A

person who knows how to replicate perceived sound of what they are seeing on film/video

49
Q

composer

A

creates the score as instructed by the director

50
Q

music supervisor

A

in charge of all aspects of music for a project; collaborates with composer and picks additional pre-recorded songs to use in a program

51
Q

scoring mixer

A

records and mixes musical score for film/show

52
Q

music editor

A

works with music composer and music supervisor and keeps track of all musical elements of a project; attends recording sessions and takes notes on performance, instrumentals, tempo, etc.; syncs music to proper cut, addresses music changes during the mix, and provides a log of all music used in a project

53
Q

re-recording mixer

A

takes all elements of a program and blends them together into a composite soundtrack

54
Q

Who was the mixing team originally comprised of?

A

dialogue mixer, effects mixer, music mixer

55
Q

What does re-recording mixing look like today?

A

two mixers; one dialogue/music and one effects; collaborates with director; responsible for mixing multiple formats and for multiple end mediums, making sure everything is within spec

56
Q

What does D stand for in VoDME?

A

dialogue

57
Q

What does dialog consist of?

A

on-camera and off-camera speaking, discernible words or speech

58
Q

When is dialog recorded?

A

primarily during production, and often during post in ADR/looping

59
Q

What does VO stand for in VoDME?

A

voiceover

60
Q

What are the characteristics of VO?

A

more intimate, clearer, fuller-frequency characteristic than production dialogue; designed to help carry storyline into/out of scenes

61
Q

What does M stand in VoDME?

A

music

62
Q

What types of music can occur in a program?

A

original music scored for a project, “canned” music from libraries, music that needs to be cleared in order to use

63
Q

When is VO recorded?

A

post-production

64
Q

When is music recorded?

A

post-production; can be part of production if in a documentary; sometimes part of pre-production if a music scene is in the script

65
Q

What does E stand for in VoDME?

A

effects

66
Q

What falls under effects in a production?

A

every other sound element from door slams to background ambience

67
Q

When are sound effects added?

A

mostly post-production

68
Q

full mix

A

all elements of VoDME combined; also called program mix, 2 mix, composite mix, final mix, or surround mix

69
Q

Why are the separate elements of VoDME kept separated?

A

to ease international distribution to meet varying delivery requirements of different distribution companies

70
Q

SOT

A

sound on tape; audio recorded on the camera used for production

71
Q

stem

A

an audio track designated for a specific part of the mix; in sound for picture, there will be a voiceover, dialogue, music, and effects stem

72
Q

uncompressed file types

A

BWF (.wav), AIFF, PCM

73
Q

What are some different applications of meters?

A

signal clarity (amplitude, sound field, spectral composition), mixing (music, sound for picture for spec)

74
Q

What happens if a program is not within spec?

A

program will not pass QC (quality control) and you will have to adjust your levels

75
Q

dBFS

A

decibel relative to full scale

76
Q

What is the highest level in dBFS?

A

0 dBFS, digital ceiling; if this is crossed, distortion will occur, creating odd harmonics

77
Q

peak meter

A

displays the highest signal level (sample value) at a specific point in time; also called instantaneous level

78
Q

true peak (TP)

A

use oversampling (intersample peaks), which can be higher than sample values as much as 3dB, to calculate values that occur between samples

79
Q

VU meter

A

volume unit meter; averages the absolute value of amplitude over intervals of 300ms; fairly accurate representation of perceived loudness

80
Q

0VU=? dBu

A

+4, reference point of 1.23 Volts rms

81
Q

0VU=? dBFS

A

-20; standard reference in US

82
Q

How did digital delivery change film?

A

provided increased signal to noise ratio and dynamic range, meaning mixes could be louder without introducing noise

83
Q

dialogue intelligence

A

tool implemented by Dolby that measured perceived loudness of a program; assigns dialogue normalization (dialnorm) to short-term snapshot or whole program

84
Q

What device was used in broadcast to measure dialogue loudness?

A

Dolby LM100

85
Q

CALM act

A

commercial advertisement loudness mitigation act; created LKFS measurement (LUFS) to take in full program content to measure loudness; follows ITU-R BS.1770 spec

86
Q

What is the standard value of LKFS in the US?

A

-24 (+/-2)

87
Q

short term loudness measurement

A

analyzes LKFS over a 3-second time range and provides average value for that time period

88
Q

infinite/integrated/long-term loudness measurement

A

displays LKFS value of whole program; updates as more material is played

89
Q

momentary loudness measurement

A

looks at most recent 400ms and gives value

90
Q

TP standard in US

A

-2 dBTP

91
Q

LU

A

loudness range of a program

92
Q

gated analysis

A

removes quieter portions below a threshold when measuring loudness values to not overly affect final integrated values

93
Q

ACE

A

American Cinema Editors; honorary society of motion picture editors based on professional achievement, commitment to the field, and dedication to education

94
Q

CAS

A

Cinema Audio Society; consists of motion picture sound professionals and strives to educate and recognize sound mixers as major contributors to entertainment

95
Q

MPSE

A

motion picture sound editors

MRAT 6120 - Sound for Visual Media (2 decks)

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