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CHEM111 > MIDTERM (chp1-2) > Flashcards

MIDTERM (chp1-2) Flashcards

1
Q

Matter

A

Anything that occupies space and has mass

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2
Q

Mass (3):

A
  • Pertains to the quantity of matter that an object has
  • Unaffected by location
  • Defined as resistance or acceleration
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3
Q

Composition

A

The simple components that make up a material

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4
Q

Structure

A

Refers to both the composition and arrangement of those simpler substances

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5
Q

Extensive properties

A

Property that depends on the amount of substance present (eg. Mass, volume)

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6
Q

Intensive properties

A

Depends only on the type of matter in a sample and not on the amount.e (eg. Temperature, melting point, density, odour)

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7
Q

Physical properties

A

Properties that can be observed without the substance changing into another substance (eg. Texture, colour, boiling point of liquid)

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8
Q

Chemical properties

A

Properties that matter exhibits as it is undergoing a change in chemical composition, or as it resists a change in chemical composition (eg. Iron rusts/gold doesn’t rust, hydrogen gas reacts with oxygen gas)

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9
Q

Homogenous mixture

A

Mixtures in which the components are evenly blended throughout (eg. A cup of coffee, air around us)

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10
Q

Heterogenous mixture

A

Mixtures in which the components are not evenly blended throughout (eg. Cookie dough with chocolate chips, sand and water)

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11
Q

Element

A

Cannot be broken down into simpler substances and is the fundamental materials of which all matter is composed (eg. Iron, silver, oxygen, gold)

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12
Q

Compound

A

Pure substances composed of more than one element in a fixed ratio (eg. Water is made of two parts hydrogen and one part oxygen)

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13
Q

Classification of Matter (3):

A
  • Solid: Non compressible and definite shape/volume
  • Liquid: Slightly compressible, indefinite shape and definite volume
  • Gas: Readily compressible, indefinite shape/volume, and takes shape and volume of container
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14
Q

Melting

A

Solid to liquid

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15
Q

Solidification

A

Liquid to solid

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16
Q

Evaporation

A

Liquid to gas

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17
Q

Condensation

A

Gas to liquid

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18
Q

Sublimation

A

Solid to gas without going through liquid state

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19
Q

Deposition

A

Gas to solid without going through liquid state

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20
Q

Physical change

A

No change in the chemical composition of the matter (eg. Changes in physical state: ice melts to liquid water, changes in shape and size)

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21
Q

Chemical change

A

Involves a change in chemical composition and will always produce at least one new substance (eg. When wood burns it produces water, carbon dioxide/monoxide

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22
Q

Filtration

A

To separate solid and liquid

23
Q

Distillation

A

To separate two or more liquids with different boiling points

24
Q

Selective condensation

A

To separate gases with different condensation temperatures

25
Q

Chromatography

A

To separate pure liquids or solutions of compounds

26
Q

Potential energy

A

Energy that is stored

27
Q

Kinetic energy

A

Energy of motion

28
Q

Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT)

A

Used to explain the behavior of matter based on the idea that particles are always in motion and posses both kinetic and potential energy

29
Q

Endothermic process

A

A change that absorbs energy

30
Q

Exothermic process

A

A change that releases heat energy

31
Q

Calorie

A

The amount of energy required to raise a temperature of one gram of liquid water by one degree

32
Q

Calorimetry

A

Science of measuring heat

33
Q

Hypothesis

A

A possible explanation for the observations

34
Q

Theory

A

An explanation of the behavior and why it happens

35
Q

Physical properties

A

The properties of a substance that can be measured without changing the identity of the substance (eg. Color, temperature, mass, volume, shape, hardness)

36
Q

Chemical properties

A

Properties of a substance that cannot be measured without changing the identity of a substance

37
Q

Exact numbers

A

Counted or defined and has no uncertainty (eg. “2”.7)

38
Q

Measured numbers

A

Obtained with use of some measuring device and will have uncertainty (eg. 2.”7”)

39
Q

Precision

A

refers to how close measurements of the same item are to each other

40
Q

Accuracy

A

refers to how close a measurement is to the true or accepted value

41
Q

Random errors (2)

A
  • Due to uncontrolled variables
  • Result in a decrease in precision
42
Q

Systematic errors (3)

A
  • Constant errors
  • Lead to a decrease in accuracy, does not affect precision
  • Can be accounted for by calibration
43
Q

Significant figures

A

Digits contained in a measured value. The number of significant digits indicates how precisely a measurement is made

44
Q

Rule of sig figs in multiplication and division

A

Number of sig figs in the answer is limited to the measurement with the LEAST NUMBER OF SIG FIGS

45
Q

Rules of sig figs in addition and subtraction

A

Number of sig figs in the answer is limited by the term with the LEAST NUMBER OF DECIMAL PLACES

46
Q

Writing a number in scientific notation (2)

A
  • Decimal point moves to the right in positive exponents until one nonzero digit remains
  • Decimal point moves to the left in negative exponents until one nonzero digit remains
47
Q

Scientific notation multiplication and division rules

A

With multiplication, you multiply the coefficients and add exponents. With division, you divide the coefficients and subtract the exponents

48
Q

Density mass volume calculations

A
  • Density = mass/volume
  • Mass = density x volume
  • Volume = mass/density
49
Q

Density of water

A

1g/mL. Thus, objects less dense than 1g/mL will float and objects more dense than 1g/mL will sink

50
Q

Farenheit and Celsius conversion scale

A
  • F = (9/5 x C) + 32
  • C = (F-32) x 5/9
51
Q

Kevin scale

A

Scale used to describe events at very low temperatures and also to predict the way gases behave (K = C + 273.15)

52
Q

Celsius scale

A

A temperature scale commonly used throughout the world. Water freezes at 0 C and boils at 100 C

53
Q

Farenheit scale

A

A temperature scale commonly used in US. Water freezes at 32 F and boils at 212 F

CHEM111 (6 decks)

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