MIDTERM CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM Flashcards
CONSIST OF: Solute and Solvent
Aqueous Solution
a substance that is to be dissolved
solute
a substance that dissolves a solute
solvent
The most plentiful solvent on Earth
It is widely used as a medium for chemical analysis
Also called the “Universal Solvent”
Water
forms ions that when dissolved in water (or certain other solvent), and thus produce solutions that conduct electricity.
Electrolytes
ionize COMPLETELY in a solvent thus conduct electricity
Strong Electrolyte
ionize only PARTIALLY in a solvent and thus conduct electricity poorly
Weak Electrolyte
do not ionize in a solvent and thus do not conduct electricity
Non-electrolytes
an ACID is a proton donor and a BASE is a proton acceptor
Bronsted-Lowry Theory
the product form when an acid gives up a proton
conjugate base
the product formed when a base accepts a proton
Conjugate Acid
is the result when two processes are combined
neutralization
H2O + NH3(g) <=> NH4(aq) + OH-
H2O (acid) + NH3(g) (base) <=> NH4(aq)(conjugate acid) + OH- (conjugate base)
HNO2 + H2O —-> H3O+ + NO2-
HNO2(Acid) + H2O(base) —-> H3O (conjugate acid) + NO2- (conjugate base)
a subtance that contains hydrogen and produces hydronium ion (hydrogen protons) in aqueous solution.
Acid definition in Arrhenius Theory
a substance that contains hydroxide group and produces hydroxide ion in aqueous solution
Base definition in Arrhenius Theory
what concept does the Arrhenius Theory has?
Water System Concept
a substance that can donate a proton
Acid (Bronsted-Lowry Theory)
a substance that can accept a proton
Base (Bronsted-Lowry Theory)
Concept of Bronsted-Lowry Theory
Proton transfer concept
any specie that can accept a pair of electrons to form a coordinate covalent bond
Acid (Lewis Theory)
any specie that can share a pair of electrons to form a coordinate covalent bond
Electron-pair sharing concept
species that have both acidic and basic properties
Amphiprotic Species
Self-ionization; amphiprotic solvents undergo self-ionization to form a pair of ionic species
Autoprotolysis
react with solvent water completely that no undissociated solute molecules are left in aqueous solution
Strong Acids
react incompletely with water to give solutions containing significant quantities of both the parent aci and its conjugate base
Weak Acids
HClO4+ is about ________________ stronger than HCl
five thousand times
HClO4+ and HCl are completely __________ in water
dissociated
1% of______________ is dissociated
CH3COOH
____ of NH4 ion is dissociated
0.01%
various acids dissociate to different degrees and have different strengths
differentiating solvent
several acids are completely dissociated and show the same strength
Leveling solvent
Strongest Conjugate base comes from the?
Weakest Acid
