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Introduction to Psychology > Midterm (Chapters 1-3) > Flashcards

Midterm (Chapters 1-3) Flashcards

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1
Q

nervous system

A

an extensive network of specialized cells that carry information to and from all parts of the body

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2
Q

neuron

A

the basic cell that makes up the nervous system. receives and sends messages within the system.

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3
Q

dendrites

A

branchlike structures that receive messages from the other neurons

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4
Q

soma

A

the cell body of the neuron, responsible for maintaining the life of the cell (neuron)

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5
Q

axon

A

long, tubelike structure that carries the neural message to other cell (middle man)

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6
Q

glial cells

A

grey fatty cells. provide support to the neurons to grow on and around (like glue), deliver nutrients to neurons, produce myelin, cleans up waste products and dead neurons (digestive system of the brain)

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7
Q

myelin

A

glial cell. fatty substance that coats the axons of the neurons to insulate, protect, and speed up the neural impulse

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8
Q

nerves

A

bundles of axons that travel together throughout the body

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9
Q

ions

A

charged particles
inside of the neuron: positive
outside: negative

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10
Q

resting membrane potential

A

the state of the neuron when not firing a neural impulse (resting state)

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11
Q

action potential

A

the release of the neural impulse consisting of a reversal of the electrical charge within the axon

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12
Q

all-or-none

A

referring to the fact that a neuron either fires completely or does not fire at all

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13
Q

axon terminal

A

branches at the end of axon

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14
Q

synaptic knob

A

rounded areas on the end of axon terminals (like a button)

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15
Q

synaptic vesicles

A

sacklike structures found inside the synaptic knob containing neurotransmitters

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16
Q

neurotransmitter

A

chemical that, when released, has an effect on the next cell

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17
Q

synaptic gap

A

fluid-filled space between the end of the axon terminals of one cell and he dendrites of the next one

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18
Q

receptor sites

A

holes in the surface of the dendrites that are shaped to fit only certain neurotransmitters

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19
Q

excitatory neurotransmitter

A

causes receiving cell to fire

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20
Q

inhibitory neurotransmitter

A

causes the receiving cell to stop firing

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21
Q

agonists

A

mimic or enhance the effects of the neurotransmitter on the next cell, increasing or decreasing the activity of that cell

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22
Q

antagonists

A

block or reduce a cell’s response to the action of neurotransmitter

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23
Q

acetylcholine

A

slows heart muscle, stimulates skeletal muscles to contract. affects memory.

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24
Q

glutamate

A

excitatory neurotransmitter. role in memory, learning and nervous system development (MLD)

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25
Q

GABA

A

neurotransmitter. calms anxiety. is enhanced by alcohol

26
Q

serotonin

A

neurotransmitter. role in sleep, appetite and mood (SAM). low levels = depression

27
Q

dopamine

A

neurotransmitter. role in pleasure, emotional pleasure and motor behaviour, motivation. plays a role in drug addiction

28
Q

endorphins

A

neurotransmitter. body natural morphine. pain controlling chemicals

29
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and the spinal cord.

30
Q

spinal cord

A

bundle of neurons that carries messages to the body and the brain. responsible for reflexes.

31
Q

sensory neuron

A

carries information from the senses to the central nervous system

32
Q

interneuron

A

in the center of the spinal cord; receives information from the sensory neurons and sends commands to the muscles through the motor neurons.

33
Q

motor neuron

A

carries messages from the central nervous system to the muscles

34
Q

reflex arc

A

connection of the sensory neurons, interneurons, motor neurons, resulting in a reflex action

35
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

all nerves and neurons that are not contained in the brain and spinal cord. divided into the somatic and autonomic nervous system.

36
Q

somatic nervous system

A

nerves that carry information from the senses to the CNS, and from the CNS to the voluntary muscles of the body. (soma = body)

37
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

nerves that control all the involuntary muscles, organs , and glands

38
Q

sympathetic divison

A

fight-or-flight. responsible for reacting to stressful events and bodily arousal

39
Q

parasympathetic division

A

restores the body to normal functioning. day-to-day functioning

40
Q

hindbrain

A

continuation of the spinal cord inside the skull. roles in heart rate, blood pressure and breathing. consists of the Medulla, the Pons, the Cerebellum and part of the Reticular Formation.

41
Q

medulla

A

lowest part of the brain. responsible for breathing, swallowing and heart rate.

42
Q

pons

A

above the medulla. connects the top of the brain to the bottom. roles in sleep, dreaming, left-right body coordination and arousal.

43
Q

reticular formation

A

area of neurons traveling through the middle of the medulla and the pons. roles in selective attention.

44
Q

cerebellum

A

behind the pons. roles in rapid, involuntary fine motor movement

45
Q

midbrain

A

lies above the hindbrain. includes part of the Reticular Formation.

46
Q

forebrain

A

largest and most complex part of the brain. outer surface is called the Cerebral Cortex.

47
Q

limbic system (ADHD)

A

group of several structures located under the cortex involved in learning, emotion, memory, and motivation

48
Q

thalamus (except smell)

A

relays and filters information from the senses (except for smell) and sends it to the cortex.

49
Q

olfactory bulbs

A

two projections just under the front of the brain that receive information from the receptors in the nose that are located just below

50
Q

cerebral cortex

A

outer layer of the cerebrum consisting of densely packed neurons, responsible for higher thought processes and interpretation of sensory input.

51
Q

hypothalamus

A

located below the thalamus and is responsible for motivational behaviour such as sleep, hunger, thirst, aggression, and sex.

52
Q

hippocampus

A

responsible for the formation of long-term memories

53
Q

amygdala

A

responsible for many emotions, especially fear responses and memory of fear

54
Q

corticalization

A

wrinkling of the cortex. allows more cortical cells to exist in the small space inside the skull. divided into two halves (hemispheres (right and left)), which are separated by the corpus callosum. each hemisphere has four lobes.

55
Q

occipital lobes

A

at the bottom and rear. visual centers

56
Q

parietal lobes

A

at the top and back. centres for touch, taste, and temperature sensations.

57
Q

temporal lobes

A

on the side (behind the temples). responsible for hearing and meaningful speech (left-only). somatosensory cortex

58
Q

frontal lobes

A

front and top. responsible for higher mental processes (decision making, planning), production of fluent speech (Broca’s area - left only). contains motor cortex which coordinates muscles movements.

59
Q

split brain research

A

study of with severed corpus callosum. sends messages to one side of the brain. demonstrates right and left brain specialization

60
Q

left brain

A

controls math, language, logical thought analysis, writing, processes information sequentially

61
Q

right brain

A

controls emotions, recognizing faces, spatial perception, patterns, melodies, emotional expressions. processes information globally.

Introduction to Psychology (1 decks)

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