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BIO100 > Midterm Chap 1-3, 7 & 8 > Flashcards

Midterm Chap 1-3, 7 & 8 Flashcards

0
Q

Study of body function

A

Physiology

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1
Q

Study of body structure

A

Anatomy

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2
Q

Study of body surface by visualization and palpation (without “cutting”)

A

Surface anatomy

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3
Q

Study of anatomical structures visible to unaided eye, through “cutting”

A

Gross anatomy

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4
Q

Name the levels of organization, smallest to largest

A 
Chemical - atomic, molecular
Organelle
Cellular
Tissue
Organ
System
Organelle
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5
Q

Basic structural and functional units of an organism

A

Cells

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6
Q

Group of cells that work together to perform a similar function

A

Tissues

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7
Q

Composed of two or more types of tissue

A

Organs

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8
Q

Related organs with common function

A

Organ system

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9
Q

Sum of all catabolic and anabolic chemical processes in the body

A

Metabolism

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10
Q

Equilibrium in the body

A

Homeostasis

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11
Q

What challenges homeostasis?

A 
Physical insults (ie heat)
Changes in internal environment
Physiological stress (ie school or work)
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12
Q

Reverses a change in a controlled condition

A

Negative feedback (ie blood pressure)

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13
Q

Strengthens or reinforces change in controlled condition

A

Positive feedback (ie childbirth)

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14
Q

3 parts of feedback system are…

A

Receptor
Control center
Effector

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15
Q

System consists of skin and related structures (hair, nails, and glands)… Protects body, regulates temperature, and eliminates waste

A

Integumentary system

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16
Q

System made up of bones and joints, protects and supports the body, and houses cells that will become RBC and WBC

A

Skeletal system

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17
Q

System consists of skeletal muscles, smooth muscles, and cardiac muscles… Facilitates movement, maintains posture, and generates heat to maintain body temperature

A

Muscular system

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18
Q

System consists of brain, spinal cord, nerves and sensory organs… Senses and responds to body conditions through nerve impulses

A

Nervous system

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19
Q

System consists of hormone producing cells and glands scattered throughout the body… Regulates body through releasing hormones into the blood

A

Endocrine system

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20
Q

System consists of the heart, blood, and blood vessels… Carries blood and nutrients and regulates body temperature

A

Cardiovascular system

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21
Q

System consists of lymphatic fluid, lymph nodes, and lymphocytes (spleen, tonsils, and thymus gland also included)… Transports fats and proteins to cardiovascular system and protects against disease

A

Lymphatic system and immunity

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22
Q

System includes upper airways, trachea, bronchi and lungs

A

Respiratory system

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23
Q

System consists of esophagus, stomach, and intestines… Physical and chemical breakdown of food and eliminates waste

A

Digestive system

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24
Q

System includes kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra

A

Urinary system

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25
Q

System includes ovaries, uterus, and vagina in females and the testes and penis in males

A

Reproduction system

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26
Q

Substance that cannot be broken down into simpler form

A

Chemical element

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27
Q

Units of matter

A

Atoms

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28
Q

What are found in the nucleus of an atom?

A

Protons and neutrons

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29
Q

What determines the atomic number?

A

Number of protons

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30
Q

What determines atomic weight?

A

Sum of protons and neutrons

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31
Q

Ions (ionic bonds) are formed when…

A

An atom gives up or gains an electron

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32
Q

Atoms that share electrons form…

A

Molecules

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33
Q

Free radicals are…

A

Electrically charged atom with unpaired electron in its outer shell
Unstable and highly reactive
Become stable by gaining or giving up electron

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34
Q

Atoms of molecules are held together by…

A

Chemical bonds

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35
Q

Cations are…

A

Positively charged ions that have given up (lost) an electron
Electron donors

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36
Q

Anions are…

A

Negatively charged ions that have gained an electron

Electron acceptors

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37
Q

What is the strongest chemical bond?

A

Covalent bonds

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38
Q

Covalent bonds are formed when…

A

Atoms of molecules share electrons

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39
Q

This type of bond is a weak interaction between hydrogen and adjacent electronegative atoms… They result from attraction of oppositely charged parts

A

Hydrogen bonds

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40
Q

Catalysts are…

A

Chemical compounds that speed up a reaction and are neither consumed or produced in the reaction

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41
Q

Name theses reactions:

  1. A + B -> AB
  2. AB -> A + B
  3. AB + CD -> AD + CD
A
  1. Synthesis, anabolism
  2. Decomposition, catabolism
  3. Exchange
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42
Q

Inorganic vs Organic molecules

A

Inorganic - simple molecules, usually lack carbon (ie water)

Organic - complex molecules, always contains carbon

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43
Q

What is pH?

A

Concentration of H+ in moles/l on scales of 0-14
pH < 7 acidic
pH > 7 base

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44
Q

Sugars, starches, glycogen, and cellulose containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen that provide most of energy needed for life are…

A

Carbohydrates

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45
Q

_______ contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

A

Lipids

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46
Q

These lipids have 4 rings of carbon and include sex hormones, bile salts, some vitamins and cholesterol…

A

Steroids

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47
Q

This organic compound has a polar head and two non polar tails which makes it soluble in both water and fat…

A

Phospholipid

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48
Q

Proteins contain…

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen

Most “human” organic compound
Made up of amino acids

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49
Q

______are proteins that speed up chemical reactions

A

Enzymes

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50
Q

DNA and RNA are…

A

Nucleic acids that make up our genetic code

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51
Q

Simple cells with no nucleus…

A

Prokaryotic cells

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52
Q

Complex cells that contain nucleus, plasma membrane and cytoplasm…

A

Eukaryotic cells

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53
Q

The “wall” of a cell, it is semipermeable and separates the cell’s internal environment from the external environment…

A

Plasma membrane

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54
Q

Gelatin-like substance that contains all of the cell’s components

A

Cytoplasm

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55
Q

The “brain” of the cell, contains DNA…

A

Nucleus

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56
Q

This transport process does not need energy, moves down/with concentration gradient…

A

Passive process

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57
Q

This transport process uses energy, goes against the concentration gradient…

A

Active process

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58
Q

Diffusion of water…

A

Osmosis

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59
Q

Facilitated diffusion is…

A

A passive process that requires a specific channel or carrier molecule

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60
Q

Spread of particles from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration…

A

Diffusion

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61
Q

What affects diffusion?

A 
Amount of substance
Concentration gradient
Temperature
Surface area
Distance
62
Q

Net movement of water…

63
Q

Concentration of salt solutions in the blood or elsewhere…

64
Q

Isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions…

A

Isotonic - normal shape
Hypertonic - greater concentration outside than inside cell
(shrinks)
Hypotonic - lesser concentration outside than inside cell (expands)

65
Q

Endocytosis vs Exocytosis

A

Endocytosis - into the cell

Exocytosis - out of the cell

66
Q

This component of the cell functions as a(n):
Intracellular fluid
Surrounding for organelles
Site of chemical reactions

67
Q

Thinnest element of cytoskeleton, composed of proteins actin and myosin, and provide motion to the cell

A

Microfilaments

68
Q

_______ help stabilize the position of organelles during mechanical stress and are the middle element of the cytoskeleton

A

Intermediate filaments

69
Q

Largest element of the cytoskeleton, composed of the protein Tubulin, and helps determine the shape of the cell

A

Microtubules

70
Q

Cilia vs Flagella

A

Cilia - short, hairlike projections that help move the cell

Flagella - longer than cilia, move the entire cell (sperm cell’s tail)

71
Q

Site of protein synthesis…

72
Q

Synthesizes fatty acids and steroids, detoxifies certain drugs…

73
Q

Connects to nuclear envelope, series of flattened sacs, studded with ribosomes, produces various proteins…

74
Q

“Packing” center, contains flattened membranous sacs called cisternae, modifies and packaging proteins for transport…

A

Golgi apparatus

75
Q

Vesicles that contain powerful digestive enzymes…

76
Q

Small, detoxify toxic substances such as alcohol, found in liver…

A

Peroxisomes

77
Q

Destroy unneeded proteins, found in cytosol and nucleus…

A

Proteasomes

78
Q

“Powerhouse” of the cell, generates ATP, contains own DNA…

A

Mitochondria

79
Q

Double membrane that separates the nucleus and cytoplasm…

A

Nuclear envelope

80
Q

Opening in nuclear envelope, control movement of substance in and out of nucleus…

A

Nuclear pores

81
Q

Spherical body that produces ribosomes…

82
Q

Hereditary units, control activities and cell structure…

83
Q

Long molecules of DNA combined with protein molecules…

A

Chromosomes

84
Q

Mitosis vs Meosis

A

Mitosis - cell replication

Meiosis - gamete replication

85
Q

Phases of cell reproduction…

A

Interphase - cell is not dividing, cell replicates DNA
Prophase - chromatids pair up
Metaphase - chromatids align at metaphase plate
Anaphase - chromatid pairs split
Telophase - chromatids separate in two identical cells

86
Q

The two major components the body can be divided into…

A

Axial and appendicular

87
Q

Position used in discussions of the body, how it moves, its posture, etc…

A

Anatomical position

88
Q

Ipsilateral means…

89
Q

Two organization levels furnish basic building blocks required for the next higher level of the body structure which is cellular level

A

Chemical and organelle level

90
Q

Lengthwise plane that splits body into left and right sides…

A

Sagittal plane

91
Q

System responsible for maintaining homeostasis by opposing change

A

Negative feedback control system

92
Q

Chemical compound that provides energy for use by the body…

93
Q

Four major groups of organic substances in the human body…

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

94
Q

This determines both the structure and function of cells…

95
Q

Considered the engines of the cells…

A

Microtubules

96
Q

This happens when membrane channels of adjacent plasma membranes adhere to each other…

A

Gap junctions

97
Q

Internal supporting framework of the cell…

A

Cytoskeleton

98
Q

Term meaning water loving…

A

Hydrophilic

99
Q

This is located in the phospholipids and keeps the cell membrane from breaking too easily…

A

Cholesterol

100
Q

Type of endocytosis meaning condition of cell eating…

A

Phagocytosis

101
Q

Site of glycolysis…

102
Q

This is when water and permeable solutes travel through a membrane by hydrostatic pressure….

A

Filtration

103
Q

Type of solution where two fluids have same potential osmotic pressure…

104
Q

This bone’s function is a vital process carried on by red bone marrow and involves blood cells…

A

Hematopoiesis

105
Q

Bone type described cube or box shaped structures about as board as they are long…

A

Short bone

106
Q

Only sesamoid bone in human skeleton…

107
Q

This stores 98% of body’s calcium supply…

A

Skeletal system

108
Q

Suture runs ear to ear…

A

Coronal suture

109
Q

Bony landmark is a depression and often receives an articulating bone

110
Q

Bump on the back of your head…

A

External occipital protuberance

111
Q

Anvil bone of the ear….

112
Q

Breakfast 7, lunch 12, and dinner 5…

113
Q

Bony process meaning crow’s beak…

A

Coracoid process

114
Q

Ribs _______ are true, _______ are false, and _______ are floating…

A

True 1-7
False 8-10
Floating 11-12

115
Q

Coxal bone is made up of these three bones….

A

Ilium, ischium, and pubis

116
Q

This is the Turk’s saddle…

A

Sella turcica

117
Q

Narrow slit between adjacent parts of bones…

A

Fissure, ie supraorbital fissure

118
Q

Foramen

A

Opening such as the jugular or optic…

119
Q

Shallow depression…

A

Fossa, ie mandibular fossa

120
Q

Furrow along bone surface…

A

Sulcus, ie intertubercular sulcus

121
Q

Tubelike opening…

A

Meatus, ie external acoustic meatus

122
Q

What are the 4 major elements of the body?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen

123
Q

What is a controlled condition?

A

Variable such as blood pressure or body temp that is monitored by the feedback system

124
Q

A receptor is an ________ pathway

A

Afferent; information flows towards the control center

125
Q

Efferent pathways carry information _______

A

Away from the control center

126
Q

Disruption in a controlled condition is called a…

127
Q
  1. Intracellular fluid
  2. Extracellular fluid
  3. Interstitial fluid
A
  1. Within the cells
  2. Outside the cells
  3. Between the cells
128
Q

Give example of positive and negative feedback systems…

A

Positive - childbirth

Negative - blood pressure

129
Q

Prone vs supine…

A

Prone - face down

Supine - face up

130
Q

Principal regions of the body include…

A

Head - skull and face
Neck - connects head and trunk
Trunk - chest, abdomen, pelvis
Upper limbs - shoulder, armpit, arm, forearm, wrist, hand
Lower limbs - buttock, thigh, leg, ankle, foot

131
Q

Contralateral means…

A

Opposite side

132
Q

Superficial vs deep….

A

Superficial - external, toward the surface

Deep - internal, away from the surface

133
Q

Plane divides body into anterior and posterior portions….

A

Frontal or coronal plane

134
Q

Plane divides body into superior and inferior portions…

A

Transverse or horizontal plane

135
Q

This element is part of water and many inorganic molecules; used to generate ATP; can temporarily store chemical energy…

136
Q

This element forms backbone chains of all organic molecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids…

137
Q

This element is a component of all proteins and nucleic acids…

138
Q

Constituent of water and most organic molecules; ionized form makes body fluids more acidic…

139
Q

Two atoms that share electrons equally form a….

A

Nonpolar covalent bond

140
Q

Forms when sharing of electrons is unequal…

A

Polar covalent bond

141
Q

What three types of lipids make up the plasma membrane?

A

Phospholipids - hydrophilic head; faces cytosol inside, ECF outside
Cholesterol
Glycolipids - appeal only in membrane facing ECF

142
Q

What molecules are permeable across the membrane?

A

Permeable to nonpolar uncharged molecules, such as O2, CO2, and steroids
Impermeable to ions and large, uncharged polar molecules

143
Q

Functions of proteins in the plasma membrane…

A

Ion channels, carriers, receptors, enzymes, linkers, and cell identity markers

144
Q

Bone has greater length than width, contains a shaft and variable number of extremities…

A

Long bone; femur, phalanges, humerus

145
Q

Bone has complex shape and cannot be grouped in other categories…

A

Irregular bone; vertebrae, hip bone and calcaneus

146
Q

Bone is thin and composed of two parallel plates of compact tissue enclosing a layer of spongy bone tissue…

A

Flat bone; cranial bones, sternum, scapulae

147
Q

Small bones located in joints between cranial bones…

A

Sutural bones

148
Q

Narrow slit between adjacent parts of bone…

A

Fissure, superior orbital fissure

149
Q

Tubelike opening…

A

Meatus, external acoustic meatus

150
Q

Sharp, splendor projection…

A

Spinous process

151
Q

Large projection…

A

Trochanter

152
Q

Variably sized rounded projection…

153
Q

Prominent ridge or elongated projection…

BIO100 (1 decks)

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