Midterm Ch 15-20 Flashcards
In a person who is color-blind, which of the following would you most expect to see?
absence of green or red cones in their foveae
Which of the following best describes the function of the iris?
controls amount of light entering eye
What is the main function of the rods in the eye?
vision in dim light
Tinnitus, vertigo, and gradual hearing loss typify the disorder called ________.
Ménière’s syndrome
The blind spot of the eye is caused by ________.
an absence of photoreceptors where the optic nerve leaves the eye
Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones produced by the ________.
thymus gland
Motion sickness seems to ________.
result from mismatch between visual and vestibular inputs
Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids that travel through the blood and regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called ________.
hormones
Oxytocin ________.
release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism
Which of the following is NOT a cardinal sign of diabetes mellitus?
polycythemia
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) ________.
secretion is inhibited by alcohol
The major targets of growth hormone are ________.
liver, bones, and skeletal muscles
The only special sense NOT fully functional at birth is the sense of ________.
vision
Which organ is responsible for synthesizing the hormone atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)?
the heart
Which hormone has only one known effect: to stimulate milk production by the breasts?
prolactin
The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on ________.
the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ
The single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood is ________.
parathyroid hormone
A person with an extremely high count of neutrophils is likely suffering ________.
a bacterial infection
During an afternoon class, Lisa starts to feel hungry and worries that her blood sugar level may be dropping. Which hormone is helping to prevent a drop in blood sugar level?
glucagon
Upon landing at the airport in Lagos, Nigeria, Eric feels wide awake even though the local time is 11pm. Which synthetic hormone supplement could he administer to help adjust to the new time zone?
melatonin
Which body activity would be most affected if a patient lacked an adequate number of erythrocytes (anemia)?
oxygen transport
The term for pain associated with deficient blood delivery to the heart that may be caused by the transient spasm of coronary arteries is ________.
angina pectoris
People that have a single allele (gene copy) for sickle cell anemia are typically not sick from the disease and are said to be carriers of sickle cell trait. These people will more often live in the malaria belt of sub-Saharan Africa. The most likely explanation for this is ________.
people with sickle cell trait have a better chance of surviving malaria
If cardiac muscle is deprived of its normal blood supply, damage would primarily result from ________.
decreased delivery of oxygen
Which structural layer of blood vessels is most responsible for maintaining blood pressure?
tunica media
Which of the following processes provides a long-term response to changes in blood pressure?
renal regulation
A patient’s hematocrit shows an unusually large buffy coat. What is a likely cause for this?
severe infection
Permitting the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of ________.
capillaries
The foramen ovale ________.
connected the two atria in the fetal heart
The receiving chambers of the heart include the ________.
right and left atria
The condition where fluid compresses the heart and limits its ability to contract is called ________.
cardiac tamponade
Which of the following contain oxygenated blood?
pulmonary veins
Which two factors below make rapid and substantial blood loss life threatening?
loss of blood pressure and loss of oxygen carrying capacity
Secondary hypertension can be caused by ________.
kidney disease
Which of the following blood pressure readings would be indicative of hypertension?
170/96
Small secondary lymphoid organs, which cluster along lymphatic vessels, are termed ________.
lymph nodes
The pulse rate depends on all of the following except one. Select the one answer the does NOT affect a pulse rate reading.
the vessel selected to palpate
The thymus is most active during ________.
childhood
Which of the following is a type of circulatory shock?
vascular, due to extreme vasodilation as a result of loss of vasomotor tone
Lymphoid tissue that appears as a swelling of the mucosa in the oral cavity is called a(n) ________.
tonsil
Which of the following types of receptors are located in the mouth? (CMTN)
chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, and nociceptors
Peyer’s patches are found in the distal portion of the ________.
small intestine
Antibodies that act against a particular foreign substance are released by ________.
plasma cells
The tonsils located at the base of the tongue are the ________.
lingual tonsils
Which of the following would NOT be classified as a lymphoid organ?
pancreas
Which of the following is NOT an age-related change affecting the heart?
thinning of the valve flaps
Although B and T lymphocytes originate in the bone marrow, T cells mature in the ________.
thymus
Which of the following structures is NOT considered mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)?
thymus
When the lymphatic structures of a limb are blocked due to tumors, the result is ________.
severe localized edema distal to the blockage of that limb
What is a bubo?
an infected lymph node
Which of the following is NOT a part of the lymphatic system?
erythrocytes
Which vessel(s) of the heart receive(s) blood from the right ventricle?
pulmonary trunk
The fact that the left ventricle of the heart is thicker than the right ventricle reveals that it ________.
pumps blood against a greater resistance
What is the average normal pH range of blood?
7.35-7.45
A lack of intrinsic factor, leading to a deficiency of vitamin B12 and causing an appearance of large pale cells called macrocytes, is characteristic of ________.
pernicious anemia
What organ in the body regulates erythrocyte production?
kidney
Normal heart sounds are caused by which of the following events?
closure of the heart valves
The special type of hemoglobin present in fetal red blood cells is ________.
hemoglobin F
Which blood type is generally called the universal donor?
O negative
With a patient that is administered an injection of erythropoietin (EPO) you would expect to see ________.
increased hematocrit
Select the correct statement about olfaction.
Some of the sensation of olfaction is actually one of pain.
Which of the following taste sensations is incorrectly matched to the chemicals that produce it?
umami-triglycerides and fatty acids
The ability to clearly see objects at a distance but not close up is properly called ________.
hyperopia
Which of the following structures is NOT part of the external ear?
pharyngotympanic tube
Seventy percent of all sensory receptors are located in the ________.
eye
Receptors for hearing are located in the ________.
cochlea
Bitter taste is elicited by ________.
alkaloids
Which of the following types of neurons are replaced throughout adult life?
olfactory receptor cells
The elasticity of the lens decreases with age. This leads to which of the following?
less accommodation of the lenses and difficulty focusing on nearby objects
Tom is a 45-year-old male that has lost his ability to hear high frequency sounds. The most likely explanation for this would be ________.
damage to the hair cells near the oval window in the cochlear duct
As light travels through the eye, it passes through several structures or chambers before reaching the retina. Which list below gives those structures in the correct order?
cornea, anterior chamber, pupil, lens, posterior segment
Paralysis of which eye muscle would prevent the right eye from looking to the left?
Medial rectus
Humans can smell as many as 10,000 different odors but have significantly fewer types of olfactory receptors. Which of the following is the best explanation for why humans can distinguish so many smells?
The sensation of a single, distinct smell is a combination of a variety of chemicals that stimulate different combinations of olfactory receptor cells all at once.
Taste buds are not found ________.
in filiform papillae
Olfactory cells and taste buds are normally stimulated by ________.
substances in solution
Which of the following is not a category of endocrine gland stimulus?
enzyme
Which of the following hormones suppresses appetite and increases energy expenditure?
leptin
Which of the choices below is not a factor required for target cell activation by hormone receptor interaction?
type of hormone
The neurohypophysis or posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is not a true endocrine gland because ________.
it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release
Steroid hormones exert their action by ________.
entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene
Which of the following is a protective function of blood?
prevention of blood loss
Thromboembolic disorders ________.
include embolus formation, a clot moving within the circulatory system
James has a hemoglobin measurement of 16 g/100 ml blood. This is ________.
within the normal range
An individual who is blood type AB negative can ________.
receive any blood type in moderate amounts except that with the Rh antigen
Blood volume restorers include all of the following except ________.
packed cells
Which of the following might trigger erythropoiesis?
hypoxia of EPO-producing cells
Which of the following is the best explanation for our perception of color?
Cones come in three types, each sensitive to different wavelengths of light.
Ceruminous glands are ________.
modified apocrine sweat glands
A patient has a loss of hearing in only one ear. Which of the following is likely to be a result?
The patient will not be able to localize the origin of sounds.
Which organ does NOT produce hormones?
spleen
Which of the following is NOT a type of hormone interaction?
feedback
Which of the following can act on receptors inside the target cell that directly activate specific genes?
testosterone
All of the following can be expected with polycythemia except ________.
low blood viscosity
All of the following conditions impair coagulation except ________.
vascular spasm
If you centrifuge (spin) whole blood you will find the band of white blood cells and platelets (the Buffy coat) is much thinner than the packed red blood cells below it. This difference reflects the fact that ________.
white blood cells are fewer in number than red blood cells
At age 85, Lyle’s immune system does not respond to vaccines as well as it did when he was younger. The atrophy of which endocrine gland is likely responsible for this?
thymus
Loss of fibrinogen within the plasma would most likely cause which of the following?
loss of blood clotting
The most important mineralocorticoid regulator of electrolyte concentrations in extracellular fluids is ________.
aldosterone
Light passes through the following structures in which order? (CALV)
cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor
The eye muscle that elevates and turns the eye laterally is the ________.
inferior oblique
Labyrinthitis is a medical condition often caused by viral infection, resulting in swelling and inflammation of the membranous labyrinth. Which of the following symptoms would you most associate with the condition of labyrinthitis?
loss of balance and dizziness
Flavor preferences, our likes and dislikes are said to have a “homeostatic value”. Which of the following is the best example of this homeostatic value for taste preferences?
Alkaloids are chemical compounds in plants that are frequently toxic “antifeedant” chemicals. Alkaloids are often unpleasantly bitter.
