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Dino Planet > Midterm Cards > Flashcards

Midterm Cards Flashcards

1
Q

were dinosaurs slow and stupid?

A

agile, got smaller over time

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2
Q

did dinosaurs swim in the ocean?

A

no those are marine reptiles

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3
Q

era of the dinosaurs

A

mesozoic era

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4
Q

what are the periods of the dinosaurs

A

triassic, jurassic, and cretaceous

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5
Q

______, Mesozoic, _______

A

Palaeozoic, mesozoic, Cainozoic era

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6
Q

time if the mesozoic era

A

251-65 Ma

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7
Q

Ma

A

megaanom= million years ago

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8
Q

subdivisions of time

A

eons, eras, periods, epochs, ages

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9
Q

when did most dinosaurs go extinct?

A

end of cretaceous: 65.5 Ma

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10
Q

times of triassic, Jurassic, cretaceous

A

triassic: 251 Ma
Jurassic: 200 Ma
cretaceous: 145
end of cretaceous: 65.5

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11
Q

geology

A

study of earths materials and earths hisrtory

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12
Q

science

A

a changing body of knowledge obtained through systematic study and practice; a search for general laws of natural processes

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13
Q

components of scientific method

A

1) observation establishes question
2) hypothesis developed
3) observation/ experiments to test hypothesis
4) last surviving hypothesis is the conclusion
5) accumulated body of knowledge = scientific theory

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14
Q

fossils

A

any physical evidence of ancient life

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15
Q

2 types of fossils

A

body fossils
trace fossils

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16
Q

body fossils

A

direct evidence of body or body parts such as mineralized bones, or soft tissue (rarely)

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17
Q

trace fossils

A

indirect evidence such as tracks (footprints), feces, skin imprints, etc

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18
Q

body fossils vs trace fossils

A
  • body fossils after organism has died
  • trace fossils left continuously
  • more trace fossils
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19
Q

3 criteria to become a fossil

A

1) rapid burial = to avoid scavenging, erosion, or other damage
2) preserved= in soft sedimentary rocks that aren’t changed too much
3) fossilized= to protect body fossils

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20
Q

dinosaur bone fossilization process

A

per-mineralized`

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21
Q

permineralized

A

1) decay of organic material opens up pores in the bone
2) pores are filled with mineral precipitates
3) bone minerals are gradually replaced

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22
Q

7 types of dinosaur fossils

A

1) bones and skeletons
2) eggs
3) gastroliths (gizzard stones)
4) feces (coprolites)
5) skin impressions
6) footprints and trackways
7) toothmarks

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23
Q

other evidence and data used in interpreting dinosaurs (4)

A

1) living relatives (birds)
2) rocks
3) computer modeling
4) other fossil groups

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24
Q

collecting specimens

A
  • large and fragile bones
  • exposed, if fragile then encased in plaster
  • allows for safe removal to lab
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25
Q

preparing the specimens

A

bones prepared and reconstructed in lab, not the field

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26
Q

Mineral criteria (5)

A

1) naturally occurring
2) crystalline
3) solid
4) define chemical composition
5) inorganic (usually)

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27
Q

What is a rock?

A

Rock is a consolidated aggregate of minerals

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28
Q

3 types of rocks

A

Igneous, metamorphic, sedimentary

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29
Q

How to distinguish rocks

A

Mineralogy and texture

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30
Q

Igneous rock formation

A

formed from very hot liquid (molten rock - magma) that originated deep in earth and moved up towards surface

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31
Q

Types of igneous rock

A

Extrusion and intrusion

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32
Q

Extrusion igneous rock formation

A

Magma erupts on the surface and cools

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33
Q

Intrusion igneous rock formation

A

Magma stalls just below the earths surface and is later exposed

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34
Q

Sediment definition

A

Anything that gets moved

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35
Q

Timeline/process of sediments

A
  • pieces break off (erosion)
  • carried down by weather (transportation)
  • dropped off somewhere (deposit)
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36
Q

Where does sediment often occur

A

Water becomes calmer, such as low-gradient river valleys, lakes or oceans

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37
Q

Why is sand a type of sediment

A

It’s a collection of broken down (weathered) materials transported from various sources: rocks and living things (shells, wood, bones)

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38
Q

Sedimentary rocks

A

As the sediments pile up, the earlier sediments are buried deeper, and are subject to high overburden pressure, and become more compacted. Various chemical changes take place, cementing the particles together, forming a sedimentary rock.

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39
Q

Lithification definition and steps

A

The process of comparcting and cementing
1) sediment build up
2) pressure build up from all the sediment
3) fused together to become rock

40
Q

Metamorphic rocks

A

If sedimentary rocks are not uplifted, they can be buried deeper, and undergo chemical change due to higher temperature and pressures (a process called metamorphism). They then become metamorphic rocks.

41
Q

What kind of rocks are these

A

Metamorphic (warping from the pressure)

42
Q

What type of rock is this

A

Sedimentary (layers)

43
Q

metamorphic rocks and mountains

A

Metamorphic rocks may also be uplifted to form mountains, then weathered and transported, etc. Otherwise, they may be buried deeper, then melted to magma (molten rock). Magma may be released to the surface as lava, forming a volcano.

44
Q

label the rock cycle

A

a: weathering
b: transportation
c: deposition
d: sediments
e: lithification
f: sedimentary rocks
g: metamorphism
h: metamorphic rock
i: melting
j: magma
k: crystallization
l: igneous rock (intrusive)
m: solidification
n: igneous rock (extrusive)
o: uplift and exposure

45
Q

what type of rocks is best to preserve fossils? and why aren’t the others?

A
  • sedimentary
  • igneous is too hot (maybe igneous extrusive rock ex ash falling and preserving body)
  • metamorphic has too much pressure and will break up specimen
46
Q

bones as particles

A
  • bones in a geological sense are just oddly shaped grains of sediment, part of the rock cycle.
  • They can be picked up and carried by water, or simply can be buried by other sediments.
  • Fossilization is part of the process of lithification of sediments.
47
Q

articulated fossil

A

full body fossil

48
Q

chunkasaurs

A

fragment/ part of bone/ articulate

49
Q

rocks and what they tell us about their environment

A
  • Sedimentary rock types reflect their environments of deposition.
  • In rocks made up of transported particles, the grain size tells us the energy level of the environment.
  • Clays indicate very quiet water (lakes, ponds), whereas sands suggest more energy and gravels even more (e.g., river channel).
    -The layers themselves can show old river channels, sandbars, etc.
50
Q

types of sedimentary rocks

A

low energy = clay/mud (when lithified is shale and mudstone)
medium energy = sand (sandstone when lithified)
high energy = gravel (conglomerate when lithified)

51
Q

best type of sedimentary rock to preserve fossils

A

low energy (high energy would break up fossil)

52
Q

characteristics of best terrestrial environment to preserve dinosaur fossils

A

1) on land
2) quiet water
3) rapid burial (mudslide, volcanic ash)
4) low energy

53
Q

what are the layers of the earth by composition

A

crust (light)
mantle
core (heavy- made of metal: iron and nickel)

54
Q

what are the layers of the earth by physical properties

A

lithosphere
asthenosphere
outer core
inner core

55
Q

lithospheric plates

A

the lithosphere is broken into a number of large plates and many more smaller plates that move on the ductile asthenosphere

56
Q

3 types of plate booundaries

A

1) convergent
2) divergent
3) transform

57
Q

convergent boundary

A

come together- subduction and uplift

58
Q

what type of boundary is this

A

convergent

59
Q

divergent boundary

A

go apart - magma coming up (volcanoes)

60
Q

what type of boundary is this

A

divergent

61
Q

transform boundary

A

side by side - still get stuck then pressure builds up until it releases (earthquake)

62
Q

what type of boundary is this

A

transform

63
Q

plate techtonics

A

the action of plates (spreading, subduction, faulting) causes movement and tectonic activity (earthquakes, volcanism, mountain)

64
Q

why is plate tectonic important

A
  • continents are parts of large plates and move with respect to one another
  • plate tectonics directly affects all of the processes of the rock cycle
  • plate history is therefore important in understanding evolution, fossilization, and other topics - the earth has changed
65
Q

when did the world look like this?

A

early triassic: 251 Ma
separated through Mesozoic

66
Q

when did the world look like this?

A

late jurassic: 145 Ma

67
Q

when did the world look like this?

A

late cretaceous: 65.5 Ma

68
Q

mesozoic tectonics

A
  • early in the mesozoic, all the continents are together and sea level was low
  • late in mesozoic, all the continents are separated and sea level was vey high
  • separated dinosaurs to cause more diverse breeding and more species
  • dinosaur fossils can also be found in water because of rising sea levels
69
Q

Taxonomy why

A

TO DESCRIBE NATURAL CATEGORIES

70
Q

Systematics why

A

To help understand relationships

71
Q

Systematics

A

Ordering the categories in terms of relationships (evolution), not just similarity

72
Q

Taxonomy

A

The procedure of naming things

73
Q

Linnaean system subgroups

A

Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

74
Q

What is a species

A

Modern biological species are defines in terms of ability to interbreed under natural conditions
-bio species concept
- morphospecies concept

75
Q

Biospecies concept

A

Reproduce viable offspring

76
Q

Morphospecies concept

A

Use different morphology (shape/structure) as indirect evidence that they do not interbreed

77
Q

Natural selection based off of what observation?

A

1) more offspring are produced than can survive to maturity
2) variations exist among the offspring
3) offspring must compete with one another for food, habitat, and mates
4) offspring with the most favourable characteristics are more more likely to survive to reproduce
5) beneficial traits are passed [on to the next generation

78
Q

Survival of the _________

A

Best adaptable in that environment

79
Q

Utility of fossils in the study of evolution

A

1) fossils are their only direct evidence for the history of life on earth
2) when we look at fossils, we see the appearance of structures and forms (adaptations) that separates genera, species, etc.
3) some characters change more with new genera than others

80
Q

Homologous

A

Minilarity of organisms from different species doe to their inheritance from a common ancestor. Features that share such similarities are said to be homologous - similar from common ancestor

81
Q

Analogous

A

Features show militarily in form but have a separate evolutionary history - similar but not from same recent ancestor

82
Q

Cladistics

A

Takes on organism (with a set of characteristics) and classifies other organisms by the degree to which they resemble the first one

83
Q

Cladogram

A

Shows clades (branches) of how similar organisms are

84
Q

Evolutionary novelties

A

Organisms in a Claude are grouped by similar structures that are hypothesized to be evolutionary novelties (changes inherited from a common ancestor)

85
Q

Cladistics: assigning characters

A

Characters need to be useful for distinguishing between organisms. If all organisms in an analysis possess the same character, it cannot tell us about their evolutionary relationships

86
Q

Parsimony

A

The explanation with the least necessary steps is probably the best one

87
Q

Monophyletic groups

A

Organisms that share a more recent common ancestor to each other than other organisms

88
Q

what caused early mesozoic climate?

A

1) Pangea causes high seasonality
2) as Pangea starts to break up (rift), there is substantial volcanic activity that leads to high levels of CO2 in the atmosphere = a warmer world

89
Q

high seasonality

A

hot summers and cold winters, less stable weather

90
Q

the climate in the cretaceous

A

Pangea breaks p and high sea levels means a warm climate
- dinosaurs flourish at the poles

91
Q

how would low diversity occur in dinosaurs?

A

In Pangea, dinosaurs can mix, leading to wide distribution of families

92
Q

what drove the diversification of dinosaurs

A

Pangea breaks up and dinosaurs (and vegetation) change separately, causing isolation and diverse evolution of species

93
Q

dinosaur food (plants)

A

ferns, sphenopsids, gymnosperms, angiosperms

94
Q

plants and dinosaurs

A

angiosperms evolved late in Mesozoic, just when herbivore dinosaurs rapidly diversified. Coprolite (poop) fossils indicate some dinos ate these but also gymnosperms. Dinos, birds, mammals, and pollinators all likely affected plant evolution.

95
Q

The cladogram leading to dinosaurs

A

notochord, chordates, pikaia, add calcefied skeleton, vertebrates, add jaw, add lobbed fin, tiktaalik, add 4 legs, tetrapods, frog, add amniotic egg, amniote, mammals (synapsids), add two holes in head, diapsids, snakes,add socketed teeth, add antorbital fenetra (holes). archosars, pterasaurs, dinosaurs

Dino Planet (3 decks)

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