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Hormones and Behav > Midterm and Post-Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm and Post-Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Name three communication systems of the body

A

Nervous, Immune and Endocrine

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2
Q

What is CNS comprised of?

A

Brain and Spinal Cord

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3
Q

Name the parts of the autonomic NS

A

Parasympathetic and Sympathetic

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4
Q

Parasympathetic system roles

A

Rest and digest

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5
Q

Name of the neurons that play a crucial role in information transmission in parasympathetic NS

A

Cholinergic Neurons

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6
Q

Role of the Sympathetic NS

A

Fight or Flight

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7
Q

What is the major neurotransmitter associated with sympathetic NS

A

Norepinephrine

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8
Q

Is there any interaction between the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?

A

Yes, sympathetic and parasympathetic systems interact to influence each other’s functions. E.g., parasympathetic is responsible for arousal, sympathetic for orgasm.

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9
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Subdivision of the PSN that allows for movement and muscle control.

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10
Q

Afferent pathway

A

Pathway used to carry information from the sensory sites to the brain

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11
Q

Efferent pathway

A

Pathway used to carry information from the brain to the motor sites of the body

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12
Q

Three components of the NS

A

Input, Integration and Output

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13
Q

Frontal Lobe Role

A

Language, Emotional regulation, Executive Functioning

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14
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Sensory information of the body

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15
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Auditory information processing, involved in some aspects of learning, memory and language

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16
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Interpretation of visual information. Damage to that part of the brain may affect vision and cause concussions that affect balance and vision

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17
Q

What are subcortical structures responsible for?

A

Motivation, emotion, learning, memory, homeostasis, containing a sensory relay station

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18
Q

Amygdala

A

Fear/Anxiety/Reward value association

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19
Q

Hippocampus

A

Learning and Memory

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20
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Homeostasis, hormonal relay of the body

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21
Q

Thalamus

A

Relay station of the brain

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22
Q

What is midbrain made of and what do these structures do

A

Substantia Nigra, Ventral tegmental area, both involved in mood, reward and addiction

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23
Q

What does hindbrain contain

A

Medulla, pons, cerebellum

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24
Q

Cerebellum role

A

Balance, contains procedural memories

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25
Q

Microglia

A

Responsible for immune response, homeostasis, supporting neural function

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26
Q

Oligodendrocyte

A

Produces myelin sheath around axons, nurtures and sustains the environment around neurons

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27
Q

What is the oligodendrocyte of the PNS

A

Schwann cell

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28
Q

Astrocyte

A

Neural support, damage reparation, regulation of neuronal communicaton

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29
Q

PNS alternative to Astrocytes

A

Satellite cells

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30
Q

What were Berthold’s Observations? (3)

A
  1. Testes are transplantable
  2. Transplanted testes can function and produce sperm
  3. There are no specific nerves directing testicular function
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31
Q

What evidence would be sufficient for establishing the effects of hormones? (3)

A
  1. Hormonally dependent behavior should disappear when the source of the hormone is removed or the actions of the hormone are blocked
  2. After the behavior stops, restoration of the missing hormonal source or its hormone should reinstate the absent behavior
  3. Hormone concentrations and behavior in question should be covariant (behavior should only be observed when hormone concentration is relatively high)
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32
Q

Quasi-Experimental Design

A

Falls between experimental and non-experimental designs. Aims to investigate cause and effect relationships but lacks on key elements such as random assignment

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33
Q

Antigen

A

Can be a hormone: a molecule that can bind to a specific antibody

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34
Q

Antibody

A

A protein made by plasma cells in response to an antigen - has a specific site for the antigen to bind

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35
Q

How are antibodies produced?

A

An antigen of interest is injected into an animal to increase the antibody count

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36
Q

Immunoassays

A

Analytical techniques used for qualification of an analyte (hormone) based on the antigen-body reaction

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37
Q

Bioassays

A

Testing the effects of hormone and measure its biological activity on a living animal

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38
Q

Chorionic hormone

A

Hormone associated with pregnancy

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39
Q

Radioimmunoassays

A

Based on a principle of competitive binding of antibody to an antigen that results in change in radioactivity. Has two types of hormones: 1. Hot (labeled with radiation) and cold (unlabeled); levels of radiation show the concentration

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40
Q

EIA and ELIZA

A

Works on the principle of competitive binding of an antibody to an antigen. Instead of using radiolabeled hormone, it uses an enzymatic tag that changed the color of a substrate molecule.

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41
Q

Immunocytochemistry

A

A technique applied to cells to determine locations of a hormone in specific cells

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42
Q

Immunohistochemistry

A

A technique applied to tissues to determine locations of a hormone in specific tissues

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43
Q

Autoradiography

A

Radiolabeled hormones are injected into tissue to determine hormonal uptake and indicate receptor location. If a radiolabeled hormone is bound to a ligand, it will emit radiation that will be seen as dark spots on a film

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44
Q

Blot Test

A

Used to identify several proteins at the same time.

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45
Q

In Situ Hybridization

A

Determining whether a particular substance is produced in a specific tissue. Similar to autoradiography, but n this case a radiolabeled cDNA s introduced and if a mRNA of interest is present the cDNA will hybridize with it and appear as dark spots on the film

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46
Q

Intracrine mediation

A

Intracrine substances regulate intracellular events

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47
Q

Autocrine mediation

A

Autocrine substances influence the same cells that secreted them

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48
Q

Paracrine mediation

A

Paracrine cells secrete chemicals that affect adjacent cells

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49
Q

Endocrine mediation

A

Endocrine cells secrete chemicals into bloodstream where they can influence distant cells

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50
Q

Ectocrine mediation

A

Ectocrine substances are released into the environment to communicate with others

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51
Q

What neurohormones are produced by Hypothalamus or Pituitary?

A

Oxytocin, norepinephrine, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone, Corticotropin releasing hormone

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52
Q

What makes pancreas special?

A

It is both endocrine and exocrine. It secretes digestive juices into the intestine via ducts and hormones directly into the bloodstream with its endocrine compartment

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53
Q

Define resistance

A

Regular levels of a certain hormone are not enough to cause an effect due to insufficient levels of hormone receptors

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54
Q

Major chemical classes of hormones (3)

A

Polypeptides, Steroids, Amines

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55
Q

Hydrophillic hormones

A

Need a receptor to get into a cell

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56
Q

Hydrophobic (lipid soluble) hormones

A

Need a carrier protein to circulate in blood

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57
Q

Chorionic Hormones

A

Hormones produced by placenta

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58
Q

Corticotropin-releasing hormone

A

Synthesized within the anterior portion of Pvam stimulates secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone

59
Q

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

A

Synthesized within the preoptic area of the anterior hypothalamus and it controls the release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) -> Nourishes sexual glands

60
Q

Growth hormone-releasing hormone

A

Secreted within the ventromedial nucleus and arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus and it stimulates growth hormone -> Tells the glands that produce growth hormone to release it

61
Q

Thyrotropin releasing hormone

A

Synthesized mainly in the paraventricular and anterior paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus. Stimulates cells in the anterior pituitary gland to produce and release thyroid-stimulating hormone

62
Q

Melanotropic releasing hormone

A

Nourishes glands that produce melatonin

63
Q

Kisspeptin

A

Has an important role in initiating secretion of gonadotropin releasing hormone at puberty; involved in sexual maturation

64
Q

Dopamine

A

Primary prolactin-inhibitory hormone

65
Q

Somatostatin

A

Mainly acts to inhibit secretion of growth hormone and thyroid secretion hormone through the inhibitory effects on insulin, glucagon and secretin production

Present in both hypothalamus and delta cells in the pancreas

66
Q

Turner Syndrome

A

Congenital Condition; Lack of X or damage to the second X or Y; Female external appearance, limited ovarian development; unable to attain puberty without intervention

Turner - Cannot turn

67
Q

What are androgens responsible for?

A

Differentiation of external genitalia

68
Q

What is DHT crucial for?

A

It is crucial for the process of genital fusing

69
Q

Klineifelter Syndrome (XXY)

A

The presence of Y chromosome is sufficient for SRY gene activation and masculinization -> Sexed as male at birth

70
Q

XYY Individuals

A

Taller and more prone to learning disabilities

71
Q

Androgen insensitivity syndrome

A

Functional androgen receptors are absent. Vagina is reduced in length and lacking utero and fallopian tube

72
Q

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

A

lack 21 hydroxylase; little to no impact on male individuals; causes male genitalia development in females

73
Q

5-a reductase deficiency

A

Genetic males with this deficiency are born with ambiguous genitalia and small testes; considered females at birth.

At puberty, testosterone masculinizes the body, causing hair growth and the genitalia to develop, resembling a male-typical penis and scrotum

74
Q

Swyer Syndrome

A

Rare disorder; sex glands fail to develop in XY individual that lacks SRY gene

have functionless gonads and genitalia that resembles female’s

People will not experience puberty and will have high cancer chances if there is no surgical intervention

75
Q

Oval testes

A

Incomplete gonadal differentiation

76
Q

Specificity of anterior pituitary - hypothalamus communication

A

The two communicate via closed portal.
Hypothalamus stimulates anterior pituitary to release hormones into the blood.

77
Q

Posterior pituitary - hypothalamus communication

A

The two have a direct connection, unlike anterior pituitary, posterior pituitary doesn’t need a closed portal or a mediator for communication

78
Q

Hormones released by the posterior pituitary

A

Oxytocin and vasopressin

79
Q

Vasopressin and its roles

A

Antidiuretic hormone
Helps retain water and slow bleeding
vasoPRESSin - think of pressing down on the wound to slow down bleeding

80
Q

Oxytocin and its roles

A

Administered during birth to trigger uterine contractions. Also triggers sucking reflex in babies

81
Q

Pineal gland role and location

A

Located at the top of midbrain
Responsible for melatonin production and circadian rhythm control

82
Q

Melatonin

A

Synthesized from serotonin
Melatonin levels rise in the absence of light and fall in the presence of light
Responsible for drowsiness

83
Q

Inhibitory Hypothalamic Hormones

A

Dopamine and Somatostatin

83
Q

What triggers thyroid to produce hormones

A

Thyroid produces hormones in response to thyrotropin - releasing hormone produced by anterior pituitary

83
Q

Excitatory Hypothalamic hormones

A

Corticotropin-releasing hormone
Gonadotropin releasing hormone
Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH)
Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone
Kisspeptin

83
Q

Thyroid produces _____ substances dependent on the dietary level of _____

A

Iodinated substances, iodate

83
Q

Role of triiodothyronine and thyroxine

A

Regulation of body metabolism, brain and NS development control, sexual maturation, temperature regulation

83
Q

Low levels of ____ result in reduced levels of ______ function

A

iodine, thyroid function

84
Q

Main hormones produced by thyroid

A

Triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4), both are fat soluble

84
Q

Parathyroid Hormones

A

Parathyroid hormone (PH) and calcitonin

84
Q

Parathyroid hormone function

A

Increases blood calcium levels

84
Q

Calcitonin

A

Decreases blood calcium levels

84
Q

Glucagon

A
  • Released from alpha cells
  • Travels to the liver and breaks
    down stored glycogen
  • Opposes insulin and increases
    blood levels of glucose
84
Q

What does pancreas contain

A

Alpha, beta and delta cells

85
Q

Insulin

A

Produced by beta cells
Mediates efficient energy movement from blood to cells
The only hormone that can lower blood sugar

86
Q

What is the only hormone that can lower blood sugar

A

Insulin

87
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A

Congenital, autoimmune, pancreatic cells are destroyed by the immune system

88
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A

Developed due to poor diet
Body is unable to produce enough insulin
Insulin may also work improperly

89
Q

Adrenal gland composition

A

Adrenal cortex (70%)
Adrenal medulla (30%)

90
Q

Adrenal Cortex Composition

A
  1. Zona Glomerulosa
  2. Zona Fasciculata
  3. Zona Reticularis
91
Q

Zona glomerulosa

A

Releases aldosterone in response to low sodium
GLOMERULES - REFERENCE

92
Q

Zona Fasciculata

A

Releases glucocorticoids
FASCICULUS - REFERENCE

93
Q

Zone Reticularis

A

Releases sex steroid hormones
RECTICULARIS - Sex/Rectum uk

94
Q

Adrenal Medulla and hormone production

A

Releases three MONOAMINE hormones
1. Epinephrine
2. Norepinephrine
3. Dopamine

95
Q

Gonads and primary hormones

A

Primarily produce steroid hormones that are required for gamete development
Gonadal hormones mediate behaviors necessary to bring the sperm and egg together

96
Q

What mediates gonadal function

A

Gonadotropin produced in the pituitary is the primary mediator of gonadal function

97
Q

Testes

A

Contain semiferous tubules where sperm cells undergo spermatogenesis

98
Q

Sertoli cells

A

Located along the semiferous tubules and play a role in spermatogenesis

99
Q

Leydig cells

A

Located between the tubes and testes
Produce androgen/testosterone in response to luteinizing hormone (from anterior pituitary)

100
Q

Corpora Lutea (in ovaries)

A

Secrete progestins that support the uterine lining

101
Q

Theca cells participate in _____ _____

A

Estrogen synthesis

102
Q

Placental hormones role

A

Act to stimulate gonadal, mammary, adrenal and thyroid functions

103
Q

Placental hormones list

A

Chorionic gonadotropin
Chorionic somatomammotropin
Chorionic corticotropin
Chorionic tyrotropin

104
Q

Chorionic gonadotropin

A

Maintains corpora lutea functions and progesterone secretion, prevents ovulation

105
Q

Relaxin

A

Produced by corpora lutea, softens pelvic ligaments for birth

106
Q

What is a specificity of gastrointestinal hormones

A

They have intracrine and autocrine mediation which is a more primitive version of mediation

107
Q

Main gastrointestinal hormones

A

Secretin
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Gastrin
Ghrelin

108
Q

Secretin

A

Sends signals to pancreas and triggers juice secretion for facilitating digestion
Inhibits gastrointestinal tract movement and gastric acid secretion

109
Q

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

A

MAY BE involved in satiation
Causes exocrine pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes
Causes gallbladder to contract and release bile
Was found in the brain where it functions as a neurotransmitter or a neuromodulator

110
Q

Gastrin functions

A

Induces secretion of water and electrolytes by stomach, liver and pancreas

111
Q

Ghrelin

A

Stimulates GHRH release form anterior pituitary
Ghrelin levels reach its maximum before a meal and drop after

112
Q

Physiological by-product hormonal regulation

A

Once the hormone causes a physiological change, restoring the balance, secretion stops

113
Q

Negative feedback

A

Aimed to stimulate the system by reducing the hormone release rate or output

114
Q

Positive feedback

A

Rarer than negative feedback, aimed to increase the production of hormone

115
Q

Up-regulation

A

Hormone causes an increase in the production of receptors for that hormone

116
Q

Down-regulation

A

Hormone overproduction causes an occupation or reduction of receptors

117
Q

Steroid hormone receptors and steroid interaction

A

Located in either the nucleus or cytosol
Steroids are fat soluble -> can penetrate the membrane and bind to a receptor
Once bound they migrate to the nucleus if not already there

118
Q

Protein and peptide hormone receptors are embedded in the ____

A

Membrane

119
Q

Three domains of protein and peptide hormone receptors

A

Extracellular - binds to a hormone, forming a hormone-receptor complex
Transmemrane
Intracellular or cytoplasmic

120
Q

Protein and peptide hormones with intrinsic enzymatic activity are found in the ______ domain

A

Intracellular/cytoplasmic

121
Q

Protein and peptide hormone that require a second messenger are coupled with _____

A

A G-protein

122
Q

Chromosomal Sex

A

Defined during fertilization
Determined by X or Y chromosome given by the sperm

123
Q

Germinal Ridge and what makes it bipotential

A

Its ability to develop into either testes or ovaries

124
Q

What is requires for the germinal ridge to develop into testes

A

SRY hormone and SOX9 hormone

125
Q

What happens if either SRY or SOX9 is not present?

A

Germinal ridge develops into ovaries?

126
Q

What do testes secrete and what does it cause

A

They secrete androgens which leads to a development of a male

127
Q

What happens in the presence of ovaries or lack of gonads?

A

Female system is developed

128
Q

What systems are present early in the embryonic development?

A

Mullerian and wulfian systems are both present

129
Q

What hormones should be present for the wolfian system to develop

A

Mullerian inhibitory hormone and testosterone

130
Q

What are androgens important for and what happens in their absence

A

They are important for the formation of a penis and a vagina forms in their absence

131
Q

Organizational/Activational hypothesis of hormonal sexual differentiation

A

Sex hormones act during prenatal state to permanently ORGANIZE the nervous system and during adult life they have an ACTIVATIONAL effect

132
Q

Female sexual desire

A

Is cyclical due to a cyclical GnRH hormone secretion which leads to a luteinizing hormone secretion which causes ovulation and leads to sexual desire

133
Q

Male sexual desire

A

Seems to be constant due to a constant release of testosterone

Hormones and Behav (1 decks)

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