Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Waste Management > Midterm and Final > Flashcards

Midterm and Final Flashcards

1
Q

The ideal waste management hierarchy

A

1) source reduction
2) waste minimization
3) reuse
4) recycle
5) treatment and energy recovery
6) disposal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

define TDGR

A

transportation of dangerous goods regulations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what regulates the interprovincial movement of dangerous goods

A

TDGR transportation of dangerous goods regulations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is TDGR

A

the national standards for the control of toxic substances and priority pollutants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what regulates the importation and exportation of hazardous wastes

A

TDGR transportation of dangerous goods regulations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

the regulation of solid waste (which includes liquids) in canada is done mainly through 2 documents:

A

CEPA

TDGR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

the regulation of solid waste in alberta is overseen by

A

AEP
AER
RHA (regional health authority - biomedical waste)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

define AEPEA

A

alberta environmental protection and enhancement act

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what outlines the key principles and requirements that apply to waste management in alberta

A

AEPEA part 9

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is part 9 of AEPEA

A

waste minimization, recycling and waste management section

applies to generators, carriers, storers, recyclers, treators, and disposers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

2 regulations under AEPEA

A

WCR waste control regulations

AUGWM alberta users guide for waste managers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

WCR (2) waste control regulations

A

admin and technical requirements for HW

includes classification, manifesting, transporting, importing, storage, land filling, and liability/financial stability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

AUGWM (2) alberta users guide for waste managers

A

interprets and explains WCR

gives extensive lists of hazardous and non-hw to minimize analytical tests during waste classificaiton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

AER main task

A

regulating and managing alberta’s hydrocarbon resources over their entire lives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is AER a combination of

A

ERCB energy resources conservation board

ESRD ab environmental and sustainable resources development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

AER hydrocarbon resources include

A
  • conventional oil and gas production (wells)
  • unconventional (oil sands)
  • coal bed methane (CBM)
  • coal mining
  • infrastructure needed (pipelines, plants)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

AER life cycle includes

A
  • application and exploration
  • construction and development
  • abandonment
  • reclamation and remediation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

define DOW

A

dangerous oil field waste

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

define biomedical waste

A

sharps, anatomical waste, medical research facility waste

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Alberta Health Services (AHS) waste types

A

biomedical waste from health care facilities (hospital/research facilities)
human, not animals/pathogenic waste

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

which guidelines regulate all biomedical waste

A

CCME

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

TDG regulations classify dangerous into how many classes

A

9 but 9 is no longer a TDG class, so ig 8??

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what class is corrosives in TDG and WCR

A

8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

WCR classifies hazardous wastes into how many classes

A

7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is class 1 in TDG

A

explosives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what class numbers do not exist in WCR

A

1, 7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is class 7 in TDG

A

radioactive materials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is class 3 in both

A

flammable liquids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is class 6 in TDG

A

toxic and infectious substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is class 6 in WCR

A

toxic substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is class 5 in both

A

oxidizing substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what is class 2 in both

A

gases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what is class 4 in both

A

flammable solids
substances liable to spontaneous combustion
substances that on contact with water emit flammable gases (water-reactive substances)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what is class 9 in WCR

A

miscellaneous products and substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what is/was class 9 in TDG

A

miscellaneous products, substances, or organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what is the criteria for bulk classification

A

> 5kg >5L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what are the regulations used for bulk

A

WCR (AUGWM)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what is the criteria for lab pack

A

<5kg <5L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what are the regulations used for lab pack

A

TDG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

bulk classification has 2 main approaches to classification

A

1) type of waste

2) criteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

type of waste refers to

A

the chemical properties are known and have already been classified
no new testing is required

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what section does type of waste refer to

A

AUGWM T3, T4 a & b

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

criteria refers to

A

has not been classified and is not listed in AUGWM

sample has to be tested and properties are compared to properties of hazardous waste in WCR schedule 1 section 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

define classes

A

major hazardous property

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

define divisions

A

degree of hazard

3.1 is more hazardous than 3.3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

define packing group

A

level of packing used when in transport

packing group 1 is more hazardous than packing group 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

define flash point

A

lowest temperature at which a volatile liquid vaporizes to form an ignitable mixture in air
requires an ignition source

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

how are flammable solids classified

A

solids that can spontaneously combust as a result of friction, absorption of moisture or spontaneous chemical reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

what are pyrophoric solids

A

spontaneously combust in air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

define 5.1 oxidizing substances

A

mainly inorganics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

define 5.2 organic peroxides

A

mainly organics with O-O bond (thermally unstable)

can explosively decompose, sensitive to friction and impact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

toxic substances: oral toxicity LD50 of

A

200mg/kg if s

or 500mg/kg if l

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

toxic substances: dermal toxicity LD50 of

A

1000mg/kg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

toxic substances: inhalation toxicity LC50

A

10 000mg/m3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

if there is no test for packing group, use

A

packing group 1 to be safe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

if there is no toxicity data available for a substance,

A

is it not toxic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

corrosive pH values:

A

less than 2.0 or greater than 12.5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

define TCLP test

A

toxic characteristic leaching procedure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

when to use TCLP test

A

NR - not regulated
toxic lechate concentration >100mg/L of any substance listed in T1 of AUGWM
table 2 in excess concentrations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

class 9 in WCR concentration

A

polychorinated biphenyls at a concentration >= to 50mg/kg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

3.1 criteria

A

flash point less than -18C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

3.2 criteria

A

flash point between -18C and 23C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

3.3 criteria

A

flash point between 23C and 60.5C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

4.1 criteria

A

flammable solids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

4.2 criteria

A

pyrophoric solids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

4.3 criteria

A

on contact with water will emit flammable gases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

define waste by WCR standards

A

solid or liquid intended to be treated or disposed of but does not include recyclables

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

hazardous waste by WCR

A

one or more schedule 1 properties but not schedule 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

what is a biosolid

A

domestic sewage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

waste in Alberta is divided into 2 main streams

A

oilfield waste - aer

non oilfield waste - aep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

each stream is divided into 3 divisions

A

non hazardous waste
hazardous waste
hazardous recyclables

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

not considered hazardous waste based on AEPEA and WCR

A 
household waste
agricultural waste
domestic waste/biosolids
radioactive waste
emergency spill cleanup waste
biomedical waste
hazardous recyclables
oilfield waste
small quantities of hazardous waste (except table 4)
TDG p wastes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

4 things needed in the manifest form

A

shipping name
classification
packing group
pin or NA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

who’s responsibility is it to classify and characterize the type of waste

A

the waste generator’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

single chemical bulk classification naming class 2-6 or 8

A

waste ____

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

diluted single chemical, diluted with nonHW name class 2-6 or 8

A

leachable waste (liquid containing ____)
Not regulated (NR)
NR
NR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

what does NOS stand for

A

not otherwise specified

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

mix of HW with same class, class 2-6 or 8

A

waste primary class state, NOS* (chemical name and amount)
class, class
assume pg 1
UN

79
Q

mix of HW not in the same class, classes 2-6 or 8

A 
waste primary class state (secondary class) NOS* (chemical in highest concentrations's name and concentration)
class, class
80
Q

What do you need to transport hazardous recyclables?

A

Recycling Docket

81
Q

To transport non-regulated waste?

A

Shipping Document or Bill of Lading

82
Q

To ship Oil and Gas HW?

A

AER Alberta Oilfield Waste Form

83
Q

3 reasons why the Manifest Form is important

A

1) cradle to grave tracking
2) prevents midnight dumping
3) info for first responders, receivers, and carriers to prevent accidents from improper handling

84
Q

Copies of Manifest Form (6)

A 
1 Generator mails to AEP
2 Generator keeps
Carrier takes copies 3-6
3 Receiver sends to AEP
4 Receiver keeps
5 Sent back to generator
6 Carrier keeps
85
Q

How long do you have to keep the manifest form for?

A

2 years

86
Q

Elements who’s nuclei are unstable

A

236U
250Th
90Sk
137Cs

87
Q

3 Basic types of radiation

A

Alpha Particles
Beta Particles
Gamma Rays

88
Q

Alpha Particles

A

H nucleus (2 protons and 2 neutrons)
most dangerous if ingested
stopped by paper and skin

89
Q

Beta Particles

A

High energy electrons

Stopped by plywood

90
Q

Gamma Rays

A

High energy electromagnetic radiation

Stopped by meters of concrete or water

91
Q

Define Half Life

A

the length of time it takes for half of a radionuclide to decay to a more stable form

92
Q

Hazards of Radionuclides (4)

A
  • can alter chemical and physical properties of material, changes DNA (mutations and cancer)
  • bioaccumulation of particles inhaled and ingested
  • some can mimic essential nutrients
  • nuclear terrorism (eg Alexander Linvinenka Po 210 poisoning)
93
Q

What does SR mimic

A

Ca in bones

94
Q

What does Cs mimic

A

K in muscles

95
Q

What does I mimic

A

iodine in the thyroid

96
Q

5 Major Sources of Radiation

A 
1 inhalation of radon
2 medical diagnosis (x-rays)
3 cosmic radiation
4 Gamma rays from soil and rx
5 Internal sources (eg K40 and C14)
97
Q

3 main categories of radioactive waste based on origin

A

1 NORM
2 Radioactive wastes from nuclear fuel cycle (energy production)
3 Atomic weapons produced from plutonium

98
Q

NORM define

A

Naturally occurring radioactive materials

99
Q

Most common NORMS (2)

A

U

Th

100
Q

TENORM define

A

technology enhanced naturally occurring radioactive materials
(concentrated NORMS by human activities)

101
Q

5 industries where NORMS are an issue

A 
1 Oil and Gas
2 Mineral extraction and processing
3 Forestry products
4 Water treatment facilities
5 tunneling and underground work
102
Q

NORMS in oil and gas industry

A

Ba, Ca, SR, Ra, Sulfates precipitate out of the inside of tubing during production
Ra found in sludge, field pits, and lagoons

103
Q

NORM in mineral extraction and processing

A

phosphate fertilizers

104
Q

NORM in water treatment facilities

A

Rn gas may be released

105
Q

Nuclear Fuel Cycle (7 steps)

A
  • uranium mining and milling
  • refining and uranium enrichment
  • fuel fabrication
  • fuel consumption in nuclear reactors
  • fuel reprocessing
  • waste solidification
  • burial of solidified waste or reprocessing
106
Q

Levels of radioactive waste

A

HLRW high level radioactive waste
ILRW intermediate
LLRW low
LLRW uranium mine and mill waste

107
Q

HLRW

A

produces ionizing radiation with a strong ability to penetrate matter

108
Q

eg of HLRW

A

spent nuclear reactor fuel rods

small amounts of medical isotopes

109
Q

ILRW

A

requires isolation and containment beyond several hundred years

110
Q

eg of ILRW

A

radioactive sources used in radiation therapy

used reactor components

111
Q

LLRW

A

loses all or most of radiation in ~300 years

112
Q

eg of LLRW

A

minimal radioactive materials used in nuclear power plants (eg. paper towels, floor sweepings, PPE)

113
Q

LLRW Uranium mine and mill waste

A

waste generated by the mining and milling of uranium ore

114
Q

eg LLRW Uranium mine and mill waste

A

tailings from mining operations

115
Q

when did nuclear power plants come online

A

1940s - 1950s

116
Q

requirement for disposal in Canada

A

that the radionuclides be isolated from the biosphere for the lifetime of the radioactivity

117
Q

disposal options (2)

A

interim storage

long term storage

118
Q

long term storage

A

permanent storage for 1000s of years

119
Q

goals of long term storage

A

no long term monitoring will be required by future generations
there will be negligible risk to the biosphere in the future

120
Q

disposal options for HLRW

A

significant heat needs cooling

radioactivity needs shielding

121
Q

Interim storage of HLRW

A

fuel rods placed in wet storage
on-site
deep pools that provide cooling and shielding

once cooled: dry storage
above ground steel/concrete containers

122
Q

Long term storage of HLRW disposal site criteria (3)

A
  • geomorphically and structurally stable (no erosion or earthquakes)
  • isolated from fractured bedrock
  • isolated from gw
123
Q

previous disposal sites for HLRW

A
  • buried in Antarctic
  • subduction zones on ocean floor (problems, high P causes ruptures of barrels, and they are not buried)
  • within geological units (no gw flow)
124
Q

Deep geological forations for HLRW disposal include (4)

A

1 deep crystalline rx (intrusive ign eg granite)
2 deep salt beds
3 deep shale beds
4 thick unsaturated zones with arid regions

125
Q

advantages of HLRW disposal in deep salt beds

A

1 dry
2 fractures self seal
3 heat

126
Q

disadvantages of HLRW disposal in deep salt beds

A

1 can dissolve - large caverns
2 can dissolve to create corrosive brines
3 halite can creep (soft flow)

127
Q

Hare report in 1977 concluded what

A

HLRW should be stored in granite rock with salt as the second choice

128
Q

NWMO

A

nuclear waste management organization

-taken over by CNSC

129
Q

CNSC

A

Canadian Nuclear safety commission

130
Q

CNSC mandated conditions for HLRW long-term disposal (3)

A

1 deep underground storage in Canadian shield
2 decentralized storage at reactor sites
3 centralized storage in a disposal area

131
Q 
disopsal vault 
lithology
mineral value
depth
storage containers
gw flow
buffer material
backfill
A 
granites of Canadian shield
low, no change of mining disturbing
500-1000 m
corrosive resistant containers that last 1000s years
low exposure to gw, low k and K
bentonite
vaults, tunnels, shafts at closures
132
Q

Cigar Lake Uranium Deposit

A

11% of worlds uranium deposits

in sandstones, buffer is clays

133
Q

US department of defense Waste Isolation Pilot Program (WIPP)

A 
3rd deepest DGP... in new mexico
halite
still radioactive 
operational life 20-35 years from 1999
collapsed when full, 13 layers of soil and concrete, salt creep, 75 years until full isolation

granite pillar warning etched with 6 official UN languages

134
Q

DGP

A

Deep geologic repository

135
Q

Legacy (low and intermediate level)

A

outdated and unused research facilities and buildings, buried and stored

136
Q

Historical (low level)

A

soils contaminated with U and Rd

owner no longer responsible

137
Q

ongoing (low and intermediate level)

A

currently being generated from nuclear power plants, research, and medical isotope processing

138
Q

Interim storage of intermediate level radioactive wastes

A

shielding needed but no cooling

139
Q

Yucca mountain, USA

A

in 2004 the courts ruled that 10 000 years is not enough, into the 300 000s

140
Q

cooling mechanisms

A

water or air

141
Q

shielding mechanisms

A

~ 3m water

~ 1m concrete

142
Q

over the past 30 years, alberta’s waste management has mostly been

A

disposal

143
Q

key focus of alberta waste managementmun plan is the environment (4)

A

air
water
soil/land
human health

144
Q

AWMS divided into 5 branches based on economics

A 
agriculture (90% recovery)
forestry (65% recovery)
oil and gas (40% recovery)
residential waste (25% recovery)
commercial waste (20% recovery)
145
Q

municipal waste is divided into (2)

A

residential

non-residential (eg construction, commercial, institutions, some industrial)

146
Q

calgarys recycling goal

A

80/20 by 2020

147
Q

why recycle (4)

A

save landfill space
conserve energy
save natural resources
create jobs

148
Q

calgary’s waste divided into 12 programs/streams

A 
bluecart
greencart
blackcart
bottle depots
household hazardous wastes
used motor oil
tires
electronics
scrap metal
paints
sewage (Calgro)
home appliances
149
Q

residential access in calgary (7)

A 
curbside pick up
municipal roundups
throw-n-go @ landfills
year round drop locations
seasonal drop locations
recycling buisnesses
stay at home (eg composting)
150
Q

what is monitored for in sewage

A

threats to human health, e coli - fecal coliform tests

151
Q

problems (2) with direct release of sewage into environment

A

release of disease causing agents

eutrophicaiton

152
Q

disease causing agents in sewage

A

bacteria. virus. protereozoc, parasitic worms

153
Q

eutrophication

A

(adding N and P, increasing the volume of plants in a body of water)
hypoxia (decreased DO) kills fish

154
Q

sanitary sewage options

A 
ocean dumping
incineration
landfilling
land application
wastewater treatment facility
155
Q

ocean dumping

A

underdeveloped countries
USA banned it 1991
st johns NL, 2009 “the bubble”
Victoria, BC, 2006 gov said pls no more (lots of heavy metals in ocean & hydrocarbons)

156
Q

incineration

A

after being dewatered, can be burnt to generate electricity

157
Q

land filling

A

running out of space in landfills

158
Q

land applicaiton

A

can replace fertilizers (Calgro)

159
Q

waste water treatment facility

A

best option

main purpose to remove suspended solids and pathogens

160
Q

water treatment facilities (3)

A

primary (physical removal of large solid debris)
Secondary (biological treatment)
tertiary (chemical treatment)

161
Q

primary treatment

A
  • screening

- gravitational settling techniques

162
Q

second treatment (biological treatment)

A

trickling filters (aeration)
activated sludge processes (enters tanks, after a few hours of digesting the particles fall to the bottom - secondary sludge)
biological P & N reactors (aner, anoxic, aerobic tanks)

163
Q

1st anerobic tank

A

No DO

optimum growth of P removing bacteria

164
Q

anoxic tank

A

low o2 levels

optimum growth of N removing bacteria (no3 - n2)

165
Q

aerobic tank

A 
high co2
bacteria for
- p removal
- nh3 to no3
-oxidation of organic matter
166
Q

disadvantages of these tanks

A
  • high operator skill to ensure optimum conditions

- still need a chemical standby facility if this fails, to meet guidelines

167
Q

advantages of these tanks

A

“green solution”

less sludge generated

168
Q

tertiary treatment

A

removes dissolved metals, heavy metals, and pathogens and N and P
chemical, physical, and/or biological treatment

169
Q

tertiary possible treatments

A

1 Cl2 (kills everything, linked to cancers bladder, rectal, pancreatic)
2 uv disinfection (sterilizes, bonnybrooke and european countries)
3 BPNR Calgary in 1999
4 Alum to remove P ($$$)

170
Q

disposal options for primary and secondary sludges (5)

A

ocean dumping
incineration
landfilling
anaerobic digestion (sludges in digesters at 35C sludge to CO2 and CH4)
application as a soil fertilizer (after digesting, humus can be a replacement for chemical fertilizer)

171
Q

Bonny Brooke Waste Water Treatment Plant in Calgary

A

largest BPNR in canada
treats 500 000m3/day
move to bioreactor was due to cost of chemicals (alum) in 1999

172
Q

primary and secondary sludges at bonny brooke

A 
dewatering (thickening)
anaerobic digesters to generate heat and kill bacteria
sludge goes to sheppard landfill lagoons
goes to calgro 
applied to fields
173
Q

Calgro

A

city and province in 1983
biosolids
terra-gators are the applicator trucks

174
Q

health concerns with biosolid application to fields

A 
odors (little to no)
pathogens (most removed in anaerobic digestors)
heavy metals (low industrialization in Calgary, so low concentrations)
175
Q

regulations for biosolid applications

A

crop restrictions
minimum N/P/metal ratios
max application rates
agricultural land pH requirements (6.5 and up to prevent leaching)
seasonal restrictions on land application (no frozen ground or snow/ice)

176
Q

crop restrictions

A

not allowed on fields used to grow root vegies, fruit, tabaco, dairy
can be applied for forage, seed crops, trees, commercial sod

177
Q

minimum N/P/metal ratios

A

eliminate high metal containing sludges

178
Q

max application rates

A

at least 3 growing years between applications

N concentration less than 250 kg/Ha before that

179
Q

septic tanks

A

1/3 of sewage disposal in US

180
Q

septic tanks and water wells

A

H2O must be upgradient

min distance of 25-30 m

181
Q

septic tank design

A

septic tank

absorption/drainage field

182
Q

drainage field

A

perforated pipes and gravel or crushed stone

183
Q

geological considerations in drainage field

A

soil type (k soils)
depth to water table (unsat. zone, lots of O2)
depth to redrx ( more than 1.2m below field)
topography (slope less than 15 degrees)

184
Q

evolution of the waste stream

A

anaerobic digestion of the organics (within tank)
aerobic oxidatin of OM and NH4 (field)
anaerobic denitrification (rare - No3 to N2)

185
Q

anaerobic digestion of the organics (within tank)

A

produces CO2, CH4, NH4
tank leaks can release pathogens
careful of cleaches and drain cleaners - will destroy bacteria

186
Q

aerobic oxidatin of OM and NH4 (field)

A

Om oxidized to CO2

NH4 oxidized to NO3 and H+ (limestone to the field to buffer acids)

187
Q

contaminants associated with septic tanks

A 
CO2
CH4
NH4
trace metals
pathogens
188
Q

contaminants associated with drainage fields

A

CO2
NO3
Ca (from limestone)

189
Q

aerobic spray systems (4)

A 
tank 1 (like septic tank, or primary WWTP)
tank 2 (like drainage field, or secondary WWTP)
tank 3 (tertiary WWTP)
Sprinkler system
190
Q

tank 1

A

solids settle out

191
Q

tank 2

A

air is pumped to promote aerobic digestion
ch4 to co2
nh4 to no3

192
Q

tank 3

A

kill bacteria with cl

193
Q

sprinkler system

A

discharges water onto land surface

recycling

Waste Management (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions