Midterm Flashcards
List the four major events in the development of the neural tube, cranial nerve,and pharyngeal arches.
Formation of the embryonic disc: differentiation into the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm (gastrulation)
Formation of the neural plate
Migration of the neural crest cells to become cranial nerves
Development and fusion of pharyngeal arches
State the typical ages that these behaviours appear: solid food introduction, cup drinking, straw drinking, munching, self-feeding with fingers, management of combination of textures.
Solid food introduction: 3-6 months Cup drinking: 6-9 months Straw drinking: 12 months Munching: 6-9 months Self-feeding with fingers: 8-10 months Management of combined textures: >18 months
At what age does the transition to solid food occur and what skills parallel this transition?
Transition to solid food occurs around 7-9 months. Around this age:
- the up and down munching pattern emerges
- the tongue thrust reflex begins to disappear
- the child learns to swallow with tongue tip elevation
- begins to use lateral tongue movement to control position of bolus
- the child begins eating in an upright position
Why is posture important to functional feeding?
Posture is foundational for safe feeding position as it provides airway protection/safety, helps avoid reflux, and improving breath-swallow coordination.
What is considered a normal feeding duration?
20-30 minutes.
How does the aerodigestrive tract differ in children versus adults?
In a child, there is much less open space in the child’s pharynx. The palate is much flatter and the larynx sits further back (less tilted forward).
Identify the five main categories associated with feeding and swallowing disorders in children.
Neurologic: CP, ABI, intellectual disability, developmental delay
Anatomic/Structural: congenital (cleft palate), acquired (tracheostomy, vocal fold paralysis)
Genetic: chromosomal, syndromic, inborn errors of metabolism
Secondary to systemic illness: respiratory, gastrointestinal, congenital cardiac anomalies
Psychosocial/behavioural: oral deprivation, iatrogenic
Describe the importance of the caregivers role in dysphagia assessment and management in pediatrics.
Feeding is a social and reciprocal event that depends on the abilities of both the caregiver and the child.
The cues between the infant and caregiver are important, as a mismatch in cues can lead to feeding problems. Additionally, stress from either influences the other and the transition through feeding stages partially depends on the caregiver.
Some question examples include:
- Signs of respiratory problems
- Feeding duration
- Weight loss or lack of weight gain
- Retching or vomiting
- Stress during mealtime for either child or parent
What is the importance of dysphagia screening in adults with stroke?
Dysphagia screenings play a key role in reducing negative outcomes such as pneumonia, mortality, dependency, and the length of a hospital stay. Delaying a screening and assessment may increase the risk of health outcomes.
Identify and provide examples of the two main modes of AAC.
Unaided: does not require external materials, typically involves sound, movement, or change in position to convey meaning, produces dynamic messages
- Ex. speech & vocalizations, gestures, body language, facial expressions, sign language, sign systems
Aided: requires external aids or equipment, typically involves graphic symbols, and create more permanent messages
- Ex. low tech (communication boards), high tch (dynavox, ipad, smartphone)
Define multimodality as it applies to AAC systems.
Multimodality means that the system supports communication via multiple modes at all times. This allows accommodation of communication partners and includes at least one unaided mode.
What are the different methods of customizing communicative concepts?
Selection set Customizing vocabulary Representation Customizing representation Acceleration strategies
What is a selection set?
A group of communicative concepts available as part of an AAC system at any given time. Consists of vocabulary and representation of that vocabulary.
What must you consider when customizing vocabulary?
Must support all 4 purposes of communication (expressing wants and needs, exchanging information, developing social closeness, and fulfill social etiquette routines). Make sure to consider the current stage and future developments of language and literacy.
What are the different representations on AAC?
Symbol: anything that represents something, can be spoken, graphic, or manual
Referent: that which the symbol represents, includes objects, actions, people, etc.
What must be considered when customizing representation?
Common aided symbols include two-dimensional line drawings, photographs, orthography, product logos, morse code, and arbitrary symbols or three dimentional identical objects, similar objects, associated objects, miniature objects, or part of an object.
Leaning of symbols if affected by physical configuration of the symbol (size, colour, complexity), the characteristics of the individual (language, cognition, interests, experiences, and culture), and iconicity.
Define iconicity
Iconicity: the guessability of a symbol (transparent, translucent, opaque)
What are the different acceleration strategies?
Message prediction
Encoding strategies
Iconic encoding
What is message prediction?
Partner of system attempts to anticipate elements of the message
Options offered change based on the message that has already been formulated and can be fixed (same choices always presented) or dynamic (choices are offered based on history and frequency of use)
What are encoding strategies?
Can be alpha (letter), alpha numeric, numeric, or arbitrary.
Whatis iconic encoding?
Sequences of icons are combined to store word, phrase, or sentence messages and icons are chosen for sematic associations.
What are different organization considerations?
Types of displays
Customizing grouping
Customizing symbol presentation
What are the different types of displays?
Fixed: visible symbols and layout are unchanging, have multiple levels, stores a finite number of communicative concepts, and the number of messages depends on the symbol system
Dynamic: symbols and layout are dynamic, infinite number of communicative concepts, requires navigation of device operations and communicative concepts.
What are the different ways to customize grouping?
Taxonomic: categories of words (e.g. people, places) -> adults
Schematic: events and experiences (e.g. my classroom) -> children
Semantic/grammatical: agent, action, object
Alphabetic order
Importance/frequency of use