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Statistics In Psychology > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

A number that characterizes the population is a

A

Parameter

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2
Q

What is the larger group of cases in which a researcher is interested?

A

Population

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3
Q

When should you worry about confounding variables?

A

In any experimental design

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4
Q

A number that characterizes a sample is a

A

Statistic

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5
Q

What is the biggest advantage of a correlational design?

A

It allows researchers to study relationships between variables as they exist in real life

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6
Q

Numbers _____ in how much information they contain

A

Numbers vary in how much information they contain

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7
Q

Which of these do statistics do?

A

They bring order to chaos

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8
Q

___ reveal whether cases posses more or less of some characteristic

A

Ordinal-level numbers

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9
Q

The statement “The average american household has $6969 in credit card debt” is an example of

A

A descriptive statistic

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10
Q

The variable that’s manipulated by the researcher is the what?

A

Independent variable

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11
Q

One can draw cause and effect conclusions with an experimental design when groups differ on the dependant variable and

A

The only difference between the groups is the independent variable

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12
Q

An inferential statistic

A

Uses a sample of cases to draw a conclusion about the larger population

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13
Q

Sample is to statistic as population is to ___

A

parameter

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14
Q

The subjects of a study are called what

A

cases

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15
Q

A grouped frequency table can only be used if

A

the intervals are of equal width

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16
Q

Ungrouped frequency tables work well when the

A

variable can have only a limited set of values

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17
Q

A frequency distribution is a

A

count of how often the values of a variable occur in a set of data

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18
Q

Which of these could be best represented using a grouped frequency distribution?

A

Salaries for first jobs of all graduating college students

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19
Q

Percentages are useful because

A

They can transform scores by putting them into context

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20
Q

Theoretically, _____ can be made more exact by using more precise measuring instruments

A

continuous numbers

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21
Q

_____ answer the question “how many?”

A

Discrete numbers

22
Q

Nominal and ordinal level data are ____ and should be graphed with a ______

A

Nominal and ordinal level data are discrete and should be graphed with a bar graph

23
Q

When creating a bar graph, the ____ goes on the Y axis

A

frequency

24
Q

Knowing the shape of a distribution is important because:

A

the shape will determine whether certain statistics can be used

25
Q

A distribution is considered skewed if it

A

is not symmetrical

26
Q

What describes whether the data set us peaked or flat?

A

Kurtosis

27
Q

Why is it important to report both a measure of central tendency and variability to describe a set of scores?

A

Sets of data with the same central tendency may have different patterns of variability

28
Q

A measure of central tendency is used to describe the

A

typical or average score in a set of scores

29
Q

One advantage of the median over the mean is that the median

A

is not as affected by the presence of outliers in a data set

30
Q

If the mean is quite a bit smaller than the median, the distribution is likely

A

negatively skewed

31
Q

The sum of a set of deviation scores will

A

always be equal to 0

32
Q

Nominal level data; use mean, median, or mode?

A

Mode

33
Q

A hypothesis is a

A

proposed explanation for observed facts

34
Q

The value that the test statistic must meet or exceed in order to reject the null hypothesis is the

A

critical value

35
Q

What does p < .05 mean?

A

The same results will be seen in less than 5% of the time if the null hypothesis is true

36
Q

A same mean would be statistically significant if

A

it fell in the rare zone

37
Q

Give an example of a question that would require a single-sample z test

A

Does a sample of purebred dogs live longer than dogs in general?

38
Q

Which of these outcomes indicates that a researcher made a type II error?

A

Dr ross failed to reject the null hypothesis when an experimental treatment worked

39
Q

If a researcher should say something happened but doesn’t, then the researcher had committed a

A

Type 2 error

40
Q

Which of these outcomes indicates the researcher made a type I error?

A

Dr ross rejected the null hypothesis when an experimental treatment didn’t work

41
Q

If one failed to reject the null hypothesis, one needs to consider the possibility that

A

A type II error was made

42
Q

If consent rates are below 70%, there may be a concern that there is ____ in the study

A

a self-selection bias

43
Q

Having a representative sample is important because it makes the

A

results from that study more generalizable

44
Q

A ____ is a range based on a sample value, within which it’s estimated that a population value falls

A

confidence interval

45
Q

The CLT only works when

A

the sample is over 30

46
Q

When the SE of the mean is small, the ____ more accurately reflects the ____

A

sample mean; population mean

47
Q

A ____ sample size is more likely to have a smaller standard error

A

larger

48
Q

If sam opens 500 diff bags of candies and then creates a histogram of the percent of green candies in each bag, what had sam created?

A

a sampling distribution

49
Q

The CLT describes the ____ of the means calculated when the samples are large and every possible sample is attained

A

shape of the sampling distribution

50
Q

In a distribution of z scores, the SD will

A

always b 1.00

51
Q

The mean of a distribution of z scores will

A

always be 0.00

Statistics In Psychology (2 decks)

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