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landscape restoration > midterm > Flashcards

midterm Flashcards

1
Q

landscape

A

consists of a mosaic of two or more ecosystems that exchange organisms, energy, water, and nutrients

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2
Q

ecosystem

A

plants, animals, microorganisms within a given area, the environment that sustains it (abiotic factors), and their interactions

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3
Q

habitat

A

dwelling place of an organisms or community that provides the requisite conditions for its life processes; smaller than ecosystem; (pond, greenway, woods, prairie)

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4
Q

population

A

a group of organisms belonging to the same species that live in the same area and interact with one another

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5
Q

community

A

all of the populations of different species that live in the same area and interact with one another

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6
Q

layers of tree (outside to inside)

A

outer bark, inner bark (phloem), cambium, sapwood (xylem), heartwood

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7
Q

starter plants (plugs, starts, transplants, seedlings)

A

plants that are several weeks old; alternative to starting from seed

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8
Q

seed tray

A

container with individual cells for starting seeds

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9
Q

seed flat

A

container with one giant cell for starting seeds

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10
Q

carrying capacity

A

a species’ average population size in a particular habitat; size is limited by environmental factors like adequate food, shelter, water, and mates

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11
Q

functional groups

A

assemblages of organisms that can be recognized by their functional roles in the ecosystem (primary producers, herbivores, carnivores, decomposers, nitrogen fixers, pollinators)

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12
Q

sustainable cultural practices

A

traditional human land uses that maintain biodiversity and productivity

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13
Q

degradation

A

gradual or subtle changes that reduce ecological health

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14
Q

damage

A

acute and obvious changes in an ecosystem

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15
Q

transformation

A

conversion of an ecosystem to a different kind of ecosystem or land use type

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16
Q

reference ecosystem

A

ecosystems that can serve as the model for planning an ecological restoration project, and later serve in the evaluation of that project

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17
Q

ecological trajectory

A

developmental pathway of an ecosystem through time; trajectory begins with an unrestored ecosystem and progresses towards desired state of recovery

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18
Q

genetic fitness

A

gene pool contains a diversity of alleles (two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation) that may be selected in response to an environmental change

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19
Q

species richness

A

simplest measure of species diversity and is either a count of the number or list of species in a community

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20
Q

community structure

A

combination of species richness and species diversity

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21
Q

allelopathy

A

biochemical production of a plant; beneficial or harmful effects of one plant on another plant, from the release of biochemicals, known as allelochemicals, from plant parts; juglone from black walnut is an example

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22
Q

forbs

A

flowering herbaceous plants that aren’t grasses

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23
Q

attributes of restored ecosystem

A
  • contains characteristic assemblage of the species that occur in the reference ecosystem
  • Restored species provide appropriate and similar community structure
  • native plants
  • functional groups necessary for stability of environment
  • physical environment capable of sustaining reproducing populations of the species and function without human input
  • Potential threats to health and integrity of restored ecosystem have been eliminated or reduced
  • Restored ecosystem is resilient to endure stress events
  • self sustaining
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24
Q

eoczone (biogeographical realms)

A

broadest biogeographic division of Earth’s land surface, based on distributional patterns of terrestrial organisms

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25
Q

ecoregions

A

large unit of land or water containing a geographically distinct assemblage of species, natural communities, and environmental conditions

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26
Q

biomes

A

major global plant communities defined by climate; aquatic, grassland, forest, desert, tundra (arctic and tundra)

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27
Q

plant communities

A

collection of plant species within a geographic unit, which forms a relatively uniform patch, distinguishable from neighboring patches; group of plants sharing a common environment that interacts with eachother

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28
Q

ecotones

A

mixture and blending of plant communities

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29
Q

plant community distribution

A

environmental drivers- climate, water availability, elevation, soil characteristics, competition; anthropogenic drivers- land use disturbance, invasive plants

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30
Q

terrestrial plant communities

A

forests, woodlands, shrublands, herbaceous openings

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31
Q

palustrine plant communities

A

include any inland, nontidal wetlands that lack running water and have trees, shrubs, and herbs; palustrine forests, palustrine woodlands, palustrine shrublands, palustrine herbaceous openings

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32
Q

forests / palustrine forests

A

trees over 15 feet high that dominate community; canopy is nearly closed; 60%-100% canopy cover; coniferous, broadleaf-coniferous, broadleaf

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33
Q

woodlands/ palustrine woodlands

A

trees over 15 feet high dominate dominate; tree canopy cover is sparse, between 10%-60%; coniferous, broadleaf-coniferous, broadleaf

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34
Q

shrublands/palustrine shrublands

A

shrubs and small trees dominate; trees over 15 feet make up no more than 5%; herbaceous plants may be present at any cover level; coniferous shrublands, broadleaf-coniferous shrublands, broadleaf shrublands

35
Q

herbaceous openings

A

community dominated by herbaceous plants

36
Q

palustrine herbaceous openings

A

dominated by herbaceous plants; includes swamps, marshes, bogs, fens, tundra, floodplains

37
Q

tundra

A

type of palustrine herbaceous opening that is flat, cold, dry, and treeless

38
Q

floodplain

A

area of land adjacent to stream or river, which experiences flooding

39
Q

stream/creek

A

natural flow of water that follows a more temporary path

40
Q

native species

A

occur naturally in an area without direct or indirect human intervention and have lived in said area prior to european settlement

41
Q

process of invasion

A
  • many new immigrant species die upon arrival or during travel
  • some survive to reproduce, but often offspring die after a few generations; small fraction of offspring will persist
  • among species that persist, a few will become invasive
42
Q

accidental introductions from humans

A

most microorganisms, most insects, most marine invertebrates, some vertebrates, and few plants

43
Q

deliberate introductions from humans

A

some insects, some marine invertebrates, some vertebrates, most plants

44
Q

lag forces/factors

A

number and arrangement of infestation, limits on detection of population growth, natural selection that produces novel genetic types, habitat alteration, environmental forces

45
Q

vacant niche hypothesis

A

suggests communities have low numbers of native species; cannot provide “biological resistance” to newcomers

46
Q

escape from biotic constraints

A

many immigrants arrive in new locales as seeds, spores, eggs, without their native associates, including their usual predators; most straightforward hypothesis to explain success of an invader and also provides motivation for researchers to search for biological control agents among its enemies in its native range

47
Q

community species richness

A

resistance to invasions increases in proportion to number of species in the community (its species richness); communities are more stable if they are species rich; less likely to have vacant niches if there are many species; on land however, resistant to plant invasion may correlate more sternly to structure of plant community, rather than actual number of species within the community

48
Q

disturbance before or upon immigration

A

human or environment changes may encourage invasions by causing sudden, radical disturbances in the environment landscape; if native species cannot adapt to new environment, the arrival of the new immigrants can lead to invasions

49
Q

economic consequences of invasive species

A
  • affect the economy, such as losses in crops, forests, fisheries, and grazing capacities
  • direct cost of combating invasions
50
Q

prevention for invasions

A
  • prevent opportunity for invasions by prohibiting the entry of nonnative species
  • curb the spread and impact of nonnative species
51
Q

control for invasions

A
  • use of quarantine to prohibit organisms from entering a new range
  • eradication attempts to remove species which is most feasible early on
  • maintenance control is used if eradication fails, using chemical, biological, or mechanical control
52
Q

information gap in invasive species

A
  • too much data remains anecdotal
  • need better understanding of the epidemiology of invasions
  • more cost benefit analysis
  • need better assessments of on going invasions
  • need greater public and governmental awareness of chronic and global effects of invaders
53
Q

ecological succession

A

series of progressive changes in the species that make up a community; changes in plant composition over time and space

54
Q

predictable ecological succession

A

proposed concept of a climax state for communities representing the final or permanent end stage of succession; climax communities are assemblage of characteristic plants that define an ecosystem; all species work together to maintain a stable composition

55
Q

individualistic ecological succession

A

argued that communities were individualistic; no such thing as a climax community; communities are random assembly of species; community changes aren’t that predictable

56
Q

primary succession

A

new rock is formed/exposed; weathering breaks down rocks; hardy plants, mosses, and lichens establish; plants further break down rock into soil; new plans grow on exposed soil; plants grow and die leaving organic matter and contribute to soil formation

57
Q

secondary succession

A

an area that was previously occupied by living things is disturbed, then recolonized; new pioneer species grow after disturbance and over time large woody plants and trees begin to establish

58
Q

climax state

A

climax communities are stable and can vary depending on region; final biological matrix of plants and animals

59
Q

early successional systems

A

smaller plant biomass, shorter plant longevity, faster rates of soil nutrient consumption, reduced role for decomposers, higher rates of net primary productivity, lower stability, lower diversity

60
Q

facilitation in succession

A

when one species or group of species colonizes a disturbed area, and subsequently alters the environment of that area, making it more habitable for later successional species

61
Q

engine of succession

A

impact that each species has on their environment, changed conditions of the environment

62
Q

stages of succession

A

roc, soil, herbaceous, shrubland, young forest, mid age forest, mature forest

63
Q

large intensity disturbance

A

results in very slow succession with a huge impact, caused by volcanoes or glaciers

64
Q

large low intensity disturbance

A

results in moderate successional response and can recolonize quickly, as caused by fire, storms, agriculture

65
Q

resource ratio hypothesis

A

models successional shifts in plant communities based on assumption that succession is driven by a tradeoff in competition for nutrients in early succession and for light in late succession

66
Q

how to manipulate mechanisms of succession

A

increase seed availability, reduce competition, and amend soil to better match late succession conditions

67
Q

three models of plant establishment

A

facilitation, tolerance, inhibition

68
Q

facilitation

A

traditional successional theory process of plant establishment based in part on the plants that existed before them; when one species or group of species colonizes a disturbed area, and subsequently alters the environment of that area, making it more habitable for later successional species

69
Q

tolerance

A

vegetation change favors species that are most efficient at exploiting the available resources; most superior and able plant wins

70
Q

inhibition

A

no sequence of species establishment but rather a chance coincidence by which the species colonizes and occupies its space

71
Q

how to manage succession

A

seed availability, soil conditions, and disturbance regimes

72
Q

methods for managing succession

A

mechanical methods and chemical methods

73
Q

mechanical methods for managing succession

A

any physical activity that promotes or inhibits plant growth and vegetative change; physical methods like cutting, mowing, planting, mulching, tilling, pulling, soil solarization, herbivory, biocontrol

74
Q

chemical methods for managing succession

A

any chemical or synthetic activity that promotes or inhibits plant growth; pesticides and fertilizers

75
Q

herbicides

A

chemicals that control/kill weeds; proper rate and timing of application is important; each herbicide controls certain weeds

76
Q

systemic herbicides

A

absorbed and moved through plant

77
Q

direct herbicides

A

direct contact with plant tissues

78
Q

methods for applying herbicide

A

backpack sprayer, pump sprayer, boom sprayer, cut stump treatment, hack and squirt

79
Q

fertilizers

A

any material of synthetic or natural origin that is applied to soil or plant tissues to supply a plant nutrient for plant growth; either supplies a nutrients or enhances effectiveness of soil by modifying its soil retention and aeration

80
Q

managing succession with seed availability

A

add seed, remove seed, or release seed

81
Q

managing succession with competition

A

add plants or remove plants

82
Q

managing succession with site conditions

A

altering soil and altering light availability

83
Q

managing succession with disturbance regimes

A

increase/maintain or reduce

landscape restoration (1 decks)

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